BIBLIOGRAPHY (1)

Barnhurst, K., J. Nerone (2001) The Form of News A History, The Guilford Press, New York Dahlgren, P, C. Sparks (2004( Jurnalismul si cultura populara, Polirom, Iasi Fiske, J. ((2003) Introducere in comunicare Polirom, Iasi Hartley, J. (1996) Popular Reality, Arnold,

Bibliography (2)
Hartley, J. (1999) Discursul stirilor, Polirom, Iasi Hodgson, F. (1997(, Modern Newspaper Practice, Focal Press, London Lule, J. (Daily News, Eternal Stories, The Guilford Press, New York Reah, D. (1998) The Language of Newspapers, Routledge, London Zelizer, B. (2007) Despre jurnalism la modul serios, Polirom, Iasi

What is Communication
Communication is a human activity , easy to recognise but difficult to define. Examples of communication to speak with somebody, TV, spreading information, literary criticism It is an interdisciplinary subject Two main approaches to communication 1 the process approach 2 the semiotic approach

A comparison between the two approaches (1)

- is based on psychology and sociology, deals with
communication acts/linguistics and arts, deals with communication works - interaction is defined as the process by means of which a person connects to another person, or affects the other persons behaviour, mental state, emotional responses/the interaction which defines the individual as belonging o a certain culture or society - the message represents the construction of meaning, which by interaction with other receivers produces meanings/the message is what the communication process conveys, the transmitters intention being essential

A comparison between the two approaches (2)

- the message generates meanings by the interaction with other receivers Reading is the process of discovering meaning, readers introducing their own cultural experience Producing and reading a text are parallel processes

SHANNON AND WEAVERS MODEL OF COMMUNICATION

Information source transmitter signal noise source received signal receiver destination 3 different types of problems 1. Technical 2. Semantic 3. Efficiency

REDUNDANCY AND ENTROPY

Redundancy the part of a message which is predictable or conventional Entropy a message that has low predictability and is highly informative

CHANNEL, MEANS OF COMMUNICATION CODE

Channel the physical means which transmits the signal (light wave, radio waves, phone cables, etc Communication means change the message into a signal that can be transmitted (eg. human voice, audiovisual means, etc) Code - a system of signification shared by member of a culture or subculture. It consists of sign and rules or conventions which specify in which contexts the signs can be used and combined.

COMMUNICATION MEANS
Three categories 1. Presentational : voice, face, body 2. Representational: books, pictures, architecture, gardening 3. Mechanical: telephone, TV, radio, internet

The circular model

The 5 main mass media interrelate in a circular model : books, cinema, TV, radio, newspapers

Audiences needs (1)

Needs

Order of preferences
1 2 3 4 5

Personal needs 1. Self understanding 2. Entertainment 3. Escapism

B F B

N R TV C TV B R N F TV R N

Audiences needs (2)

Needs

Order of preferences
1 2 3 4 5

Social needs 1. Knowledge of the world N 2. Self-confidence, self-esteem N 3. Strengthening family relations TV 4. Strengthening relations with friends F

R TV R TV F R TV N

B B N R

F F B B

Access and availability

Access to mass media the instrument of exercising power

Availability the selection made by the transmitter (e.g. words uttered by parents, not broadcasting violent movies before 9 am)

JAKOBSONS MODEL
Transmitter/ expressive function Context/referential function Message/poetic function Contact/phatic function Code/ metalinguistic function Addressee/connative function

Semiotics
The study of signs and the way they operate

3 main study areas: 1. The sign itself (human construct) 2. The codes or systems (they meet social or cultural needs) 3. The culture (depends on the other two for its existence)

SAUSSURE
The sign is a physical object that has a meaning It has a significant (the image of the sign) a signified the mental concept associated with the signfier He is interested in the relation between the two A Signified a mental concept which we use to understand reality and classify it. Signs are organised in codes in a paradigmatic and a syntagmatic way.

PEIRCE
Three categories of signs 1. Icon the sign resembles somehow the object (looks or sounds the same) 2. Index there is a direct link between the sign and its object 3. Symbol no connection between the sign and the object

CODES
The systems of organising signs. Different types of codes - Behavioural codes legal, manners, sports. - Semnification codes systems of signs - Presentational codes (having social and communication functions) - Representational codes produce independent messages

NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION
Body contact Proximity Aspect (in/voluntary) Head movements Face expression Gestures Posture Eye movements and visual contact Intonation and emphasis Tone, volume, accent, errors and speed

DAILY NEWS, ETERNAL STORIES JACK LULE THE GUILFORD PRESS, NEW YORK, 2001

Role of US news 1. To watch over government 2. To manufacture consent 3. To set the public agenda 4. To inform public opinion 5. To foster public conversation 6. To enact social dramas - To enact social dramas that sustain social order myths