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Differentiate between a file processing system approach and the database approach
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Data is raw facts Information is data that is organized and meaningful Computers process data into information
processing
Step 2. The
receipt
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Garbage in
Garbage out
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Organized
Accessible Useful
Cost-effective
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Database contains files, file contains records, record contains fields, field contains characters
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Numeric
numbers only
AutoNumber
unique number automatically assigned to each new record
Currency
dollar and cent amounts or numbers containing decimal values
Date
month, day, year, and sometimes time
Memo
lengthy text entries
Yes/No
only the values Yes or No (or True or False)
Hyperlink
Web address that links to document or Web page
Object
photograph, audio, video, or document created in other application such as word processing or spreadsheet
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records
key field
fields
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Maintaining Data
What is file maintenance?
Adding records
Changing records
Deleting records
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Maintaining Data
Why do you add records?
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Maintaining Data
Why do you change records?
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Maintaining Data
Why do you delete records?
When record no longer is needed Some programs remove record immediately, others flag record
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Maintaining Data
What is validation?
Process of comparing data with a set of rules to find out if data is correct Reduce data entry errors and enhance data integrity before program writes data on disk
Consistency Check
Completeness Check
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Maintaining Data
What are the types of validity checks?
Check Digit number(s) or character(s) appended to or inserted into a primary key value to confirm accuracy of primary key value Alphabetic/ Numeric Check ensures correct type of data entered Range Check determines whether number is within specified range Completeness Check verifies that a required field contains data Consistency Check tests for logical relationship between two or more fields
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Many programs and users can share data in database Secures data so only authorized users can access certain data
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DATABASE
A group of related files A collection of data organized to service many applications at the same time by storing, managing data so that they appear to be in one location. Self describing Collection of integrated records Model of model
ELEMENTS OF DATABASE
RECORD/ROW
A group of related fields Gives the information about a specific instant An important element of database Can be uniquely identified by key
ATTRIBUTE/COLUMN
An information about specific characteristic Also known as properties of that describe the instants or entitys characteristics Single attributes Composite attributes Multi-value attributes
ENTITIES
An entity is something that can be identified in the users working environment. Entity Class (STUDENT) Entity instance (STUDENTS FROM DIFFERENT DEPARTMENTS)
IDENTIFIERS
Name of the attribute due to which a specific instance or record is identified. Unique Identifiers Non-Unique identifiers Composite Identifiers
RELATIONSHIP
Entities can be associated with one another through relationships. At least one attribute must be common to create any relationship between the relations. Degree of relationship One-to-one relationship One-to-many relationship Many-to-many relationship
Roll no
Name
Class
Subject
Address
1245
Ayesha Ali
MBA
HRM
1234
Raza Hamad
MBA
MARKETING
1256
Nida Haider
M.COM
COMMERCE
1289
Farooq Ahmad
BBA
BUSINESS
DBMS is special software to create and maintain a database and enable individual users to extract or access data they need without having to create separate files or data definitions in their computer programs.
COMPONENTS OF DBMS
TYPES OF DBMS
Relational DBMS Hierarchical DBMS Object Oriented DBMS Object-Relational DBMS Querying Database
RELATIONAL DATABASE
A relation is a two-dimensional table. Rows in a relational model are called as TUPLE. Columns are called the ATTRIBUTES. Tables are termed as relations. Each relation is a table but each table is not always a relation. Relations can share data from both sides until they contain a common data element in them.
HIERARCHICAL DBMS
Hierarchy is a tree structured database. Parent and child Sequential Node and Branches Node Parents. Descendents of Node Children Root Node Twins or Siblings
EXAMPLE
Nod e7
Nod e8
Nod e9
Shortly termed as OODBMS Stores both data and procedures as objects. Procedures can be automatically retrieved and shared. Objects can contain multimedia.
OBJECT-RELATIONAL DBMS
Combines the features of OODBMS and RDBMS. Relational for storing traditional information. OODBMS for storing graphics and multimedia.
QUERYING DATABASE
Structured Query Language SQL Most important DML language. Endorsed by ANSI as language of choice. Used for accessing, manipulation and maintaining relations. Select statements. Conditional statements. Joining two tables.
SELECT STATEMENTS
CONDITIONAL STATEMENTS
Attributes Name(s) Table Name Condition SID, Name, Major STUDENT Major = MATHS
When to access data from two related tables or relations. Pattern SELECT T1name.T1 attr, T1name.T1 attr, T2name.T2 attr, T2name.T2 attr FROM T1name, T2name WHERE CONDITION
Normalization Distributed Database Data Administration Information Policy Data Warehouse Data Mart Data mining Hypermedia Database Application Server
NORMALIZATION
Normalization is a process for converting a relation that has certain problems to two or more relations that do not contain these problems. A guideline for checking the reliability, desirability and correctness of relations. 1NF, 2NF, 3NF, BCNF, 4NF, 5NF AND DKNF
DISTRIBUTED DATABASE Distributed data is one that stores data in more than one physical locations. Parts of database are stored at one location and other parts are stored in other locations. DATA ADMINISTRATION A special organization function for managing the organizations data resources, concerned with information policy, data planning, maintenance of data discrepancies and data quality standards.
INFORMATION POLICY Formal rules governing the maintenance, distribution, and use of information in an organization. DATA WAREHOUSE A database with reporting and query tools, that stores current and historical data extracted from various operational systems and consolidated from management reporting and analysis.
DATA MART A smaller data warehouse containing only a portion of the organizations data for a specified function or population of users. DATA MINING Software tools for hidden patterns and relationships in large pools of data and infer rules from them that can be predict further behavior and guide decision making.
HYPERMEDIA DATABASE An approach to data management that organizes data as a network of nodes linked any pattern the user specifies. The nodes can contain text, graphics and sound, full-motion video or executable programs. APPLICATION SERVER Software that handles all application operations between browsers-based computers and a companys back-end business application or database.
Ingres
Oracle SQL Server Sybase
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Contains data about each file in database and each field within those files
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What is a query?
Request for specific data from a database Query language consists of simple, English-like statements that allow users to specify data to display, print, or store
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Program retrieves records that match criteria entered in form fields Has a graphical user interface that assists users with retrieving data
Query by example screen
Query results
criteria
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Window on screen that provides areas for entering or changing data in database Used to retrieve and maintain data in a database Well-designed forms should validate data as it is entered
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Allows user to design a report on screen, retrieve data into report design, then display or print reports Also called report writer
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Access privileges define activities that specific user or group of users can perform
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Backup is a copy of the entire database Log is a listing of activities that change database contents
A recovery utility uses the logs and/or backups to restore a database when it becomes damaged or destroyed
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Rules and standards that define how database organizes data Defines how users view organization of data Three popular data models
Relational Object-oriented Multidimensional
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What is a relationship?
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Allows you to manage, update, and retrieve data Has special keywords and rules included in SQL statements
SQL statement
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Advantages
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Web Databases
What is a Web database?
Database you access through the Web by filling in a form on a Web page Usually resides on a database server, a computer that stores and provides access to a database
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Web Databases
How might a search engine interact with a Web database?
Step 1. Browser
Step 3. Web
search text through a CGI script to database. Database retrieves list of hits that contains search text and sends it through CGI script back to Web server.
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Database Administration
What are guidelines for developing a database?
1. Determine
2. Design the tables Design tables on paper first Each table should contain data about one subject
4. Determine
Be sure every record has a unique primary key Use separate fields for logically distinct items Do not create fields for information that can be derived from entries in other fields
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Database Administration
What is the role of the database analyst and administrator?
Database analyst (DA) Decides proper placement of fields, defines relationships, and identifies users access privileges Database administrator (DBA) Creates and maintains data dictionary, manages database security, monitors database performance, and checks backup and recovery procedures
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How data and information are valuable assets to an organization Methods for maintaining high-quality data Assessing the quality of valuable information
Advantages of organizing data in a database Various types of databases Role of the database analysts and administrators