DLS Language Series

Fundamentals
Of English Grammar

By DjRay
DLanguage STUDIO
Langkawi
www.dlanguagestudio.com
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 Fundamentals of English (pg1)
Asas Bahasa Inggeris
1.1 Basic Structure of a sentence :

• When we speak or write, each sentence should be based on the following structure

Subject Verb Object

Eg : I study in Langkawi

• SUBJECT must always match with the VERB (ie Singular Subject with Singular Verb
or Plural Subject with Plural Verb)
• VERB must always match with Time, which determines PRESENT, PAST or FUTURE

1.2 What is SUBJECT ?

• Subject is either a Noun or Pronoun

• Subject Noun - Singular Alex, My brother, Mr John
• Subject Pronoun - Singular He, She, It
• Subject Pronoun - Plural They, You, We, I
 Fundamentals of English (pg2)
Asas Bahasa Inggeris
1.3 What is Object ?
• Object consists of nouns, object pronouns (eg him), verb infinitives, adjectives, adverbs, time
etc.. It is not always important to determine Singular or Plural noun in Object area, except for
sentences using There is, There are etc..
1.4 What is VERB ?
• There are 3 types of Verbs in English, ie Simple Verb, Continuous Verb and Perfect Verb
• Among the 3 verbs, only Simple verb has a Past Tense form, eg take – took, see – saw
• The diagram below shows how each type of verb must be arranged

Subject simple verb Object I see

Subject is / are / am / Continuous Verb Object I am seeing

was / were

Subject have / has Perfect Verb Object I have seen

 Construct a Sentence
Present Actions

Subject Simple verb Object I see

Subject am / is / are Continuous Verb Object I am seeing

Subject am / is / are
preposition /
Object I am here
adjectives / noun I am happy
I am Adam
 Construct a Question
Present Actions
do Subject Simple verb Object Do you see?
W does

am Subject Continuous Verb Object Are you seeing

is them?
W are

am Subject
Preposition
Object Are you there?
is Adjectives Are you happy?
W Noun
are Are you Adam?

W = What, Where, Why, Who, When, How, How many which, whose
etc..
 Construct a Sentence
Past Actions

Subject Simple verb Object I saw

Subject was / were Continuous Verb Object I was seeing

Subject have Perfect Verb Object I have seen

has

Subject was preposition

Object I was here
were adjectives I was happy
noun I was a baby
 Construct a Question
Past Actions

Did Subject Simple verb Object Did you see?

W
Was Subject Continuous Verb Object Were you
Were seeing them?
W
have Subject Perfect Verb Object Have you seen?
W has

Was Subject
Preposition
Object
Were you there?
Were Adjectives Were you
W Noun happy?
Were you a
nurse?

W = What, Where, Why, Who, When, How, How many which, whose
 Construct a Sentence
Future Actions

Subject will Simple verb Object I will see

Subject will be Continuous Verb Object I will be seeing

Subject am, is , are going Simple Object I am going to

to verb see

Subject will be preposition

Object I will be there
adjectives I will be happy
noun I will be a nurse
 Construct a Question
Future Actions

will Subject Simple verb Object will you see?

W
will Subject be Continuous Object will you be
W Verb seeing them?

am, is Subject going simple Object are you going to

W are to verb see?

will Subject be Preposition Object

will you be there?
Adjectives will you be
W Noun happy?
will you be a
nurse?

W = What, Where, Why, Who, When, How, How many which, whose
 About Subject

Subject is a noun which starts a sentence. A noun becomes a subject when we

have to determine whether it is singular or plural

Subject adalah katanama yang memulakan ayat. Katanama menjadi subject

apabila kita perlu mengetahui samada ia singular atau plural

Singularity and Plurality are shown below :

Singular Plural
office : pejabat offices : pejabat-pejabat
room : bilik rooms : bilik-bilik
friend : kawan friends : kawan-kawan
guest : tetamu guests : tetamu-tetamu
 About Articles
The, This, That, These, Those
• The position of articles in Bahasa Malaysia is opposite to English
• Kedudukan artikel di dalam B. Malaysia dan English adalah bertentangan

• Usually, ‘the’ in the last noun is naturally used

• Biasanya, ‘the’ digunakan pada noun yang terakhir sekiranya tiada artikel
lain yang digunakan

Singular Noun Plural Noun

• the office pejabat itu the offices pejabat-pejabat itu

• the room bilik itu the rooms bilik-bilik itu
• this guest tetamu ini these guests tetamu-tetamu ini
• that guest tetamu itu those guests tetamu-tetamu itu
 Adverbs of Quantity
Penjodoh Bilangan
The position of adverbs of quantity in Bahasa Malaysia is similar to English
Kedudukan kuantiti di dalam B.Malaysian adalah sama dengan English

Singular Noun Plural Noun

• a guest seorang tetamu many guests ramai tetamu
• one guest satu tetamu a few guests beberapa tetamu
• a litte sugar sedikit gula a lot of people ramai orang
• a satu or se_____ many banyak (for non-human)
• a child seorang budak many ramai (for human)
• a little sedikit a lot of banyak/ramai
• a car sebuah kereta plenty banyak/ramai
• a bottle of sebotol several beberapa
• an egg sebiji telur
• a pencil sebatang pensil
• a knife sebilah pisau
• a packet sepaket
• a cup of coffee secawan kopi
 Personal Pronoun
Gantinama diri
Personal Pronouns (subject) Personal Pronouns (object)

I Saya me saya
You Awak you awak
He Dia him dia / nya
She Dia her dia / nya
We Kita / kami us kita / kami
They Mereka them mereka
It Ia it ia / nya
 Possessive Pronouns
Gantinama kepunyaan
Singular Possession Plural Possession

my car kereta saya my cars kereta-kereta saya

your house rumah awak your houses rumah-rumah awak
his house rumahnya / dia his houses rumah-rumahnya / dia
her house rumahnya / dia her houses rumah-rumahnya / dia
our house rumah kita our houses rumah-rumah kita
their house rumah mereka their houses rumah-rumah mereka
its kitten anaknya its kittens anak-anaknya

The position of possessive pronoun

in B.Malaysia is opposite in English
Kedudukan gantinama kepunyaan
adalah bertentangan dengan
English
 Preposition
Kata arah
at di at pada (used to indicate time)
on di atas to ke
in di dalam with dengan
under di bawahnear dekat
beside di sebelah nearby dekat dengan
here di sini from dari
there di sana far jauh
and dan

Note : In English, we use verb to be such as ‘is, am, are.. etc’ to explain a
location of a noun. In Bahasa Malaysia, we can omit ‘to be’ for this purpose,
or use ‘berada’ instead

Di dalam English, penggunaan ‘verb to be : is, are, am..’ adalah perlu

apabila subject bertemu dengan kata arah

Eg : Saya di sini or Saya berada di sini I am here

 Days of the week
Days of the week Examples:

Monday Hari Isnin What day is today?

Tuesday Hari Selasa Hari ini hari apa?
Wednesday Hari Rabu Today is Monday
Thursday Hari Khamis Hari ini Hari Isnin / Hari ini Isnin
Friday Hari Jumaat
Saturday Hari Sabtu Note : ‘is’ is not translated
Sunday Hari Ahad
 Month of the Year
January Januari
February Februari
March Mac Month = Bulan
April April In English we say : What month is it?
May Mei
June Jun In BM, it is asked this way :
July Julai What month is this month?
August Ogos Bulan ini bulan apa?
This month is June
September September
Bulan ini Bulan June
October Oktober
November November Note : ‘is’ is not translated
December Disember
 Present & Past
Sekarang dan Selepas
Present Time Past Time _____

Now sekarang Just nowtadi

Everyday setiap hari / hari-hari Yesterday semalam
Always selalu This morning pagi tadi
Usually biasanya Last Night malam tadi
Sometimes kadang-kadang Last week minggu lepas
Seldom jarang-jarang This afternoon tengahari tadi
Once in a while sesekali Last time dulu
Often kerap/selalu Last month bulan lepas

In Bahasa Malaysia, the word ‘sudah/telah’ or ‘time’ is used to indicate a

past action. ‘Sudah/telah’ is used with verbs only.

Eg : I ate already Saya sudah makan

Eg : I ate just now Saya makan tadi or Saya sudah makan tadi
 Future
Belum berlaku / Akan datang
Future Time
Tomorrow esok
Next week minggu hadapan
Next month bulan hadapan
Next time lain kali
Later sebentar lagi

Note
Pagi is used from 12.01am – 11.59am
Tengah hari is used from 12.00n – 2.00pm
Petang is used from 2.01pm – 7.00pm
Malam is used from 7.00pm – 12.00m
 Interrogatives
Kata tanya
What? Apa? What car? Kereta apa?
Where? Di mana? Which car? Kereta mana?
Why? Kenapa? Whose car? Kereta siapa?
When? Bila? How many? Berapa?
Who? Siapa? How much? Berapa?
How? Bagaimana? How many cars? Berapa buah kereta?
 How to indicate ‘The Hours’
Cara mengguna Masa
• What time is it now?
• It is 1 o’clock (pm)
• It is 7.30 in the morning
• It is 3.10 in the afternoon
• It is 8.12 in the evening
• It is 8.15 in the evening
Sekarang pukul berapa? / Sekarang
sudah pukul berapa?
Pukul satu tengahari
Pukul tujuh tiga puluh minit pagi /
Pukul tujuh setengah pagi
Pukul tiga sepuluh minit petang
(considered evening)
Pukul lapan dua belas minit malam
( considered night)
Pukul lapan lima belas minit malam /
Pukul lapan suku malam
 Conjunction
Kata hubung
Beginning or middle of a sentence usually middle of sentence

and dan whereas di mana

and then selepas itu which yang
when semasa who yang
while semasa that yang
mean while sementara itu
even though walaupun
but tetapi / tapi
before sebelum
after selepas
before that sebelum itu
after that selepas itu
if sekiranya / kalau
how bagaimana
what apa yang
where dimana
when bila (indicating time)
when apabila (not indicating time)
Note :
• Most conjunctions are used to join sentences.
• Some can be used at the beginning or in the middle of a sentence, but some can only be
used in the middle.
 End
English Fundamentals by DjRay
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