Professional Documents
Culture Documents
EXCHANGE THEORIES
UTILITARIANISM
HISTORY -developed between late 18th and mid 19th century and a legacy from both moral philosophy and classic economic theory. PRINCIPLE -The greatest good for the greatest number -were reformulated for modern exchange theories in an attempt to explain human interactions in all social contexts, and without the limitations imposed by a pure economic framework, hence the label social exchange theory. -Modern exchange theories emphasize the social and psychological motivation of individuals.
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APPLICATION TO NURSING
Response to spousal abuse. They determined that the strong influence of the sociocultural context and the patriarchal society result in the women remaining in an abusive relationship despite their desire to leave.
Karl Marx Economic-based class conflict is the most basic and influential source of all social change. Max Weber Believe that the potential for conflict decreases as societies moved from traditional authoritarian relationships to relationships organized around rational/legal authority in industrial/bureaucratic societies.
CONFLICT THEORIES
CONFLICT THEORIES
Georg Simmel -inevitable and ubiquitous feature -He perceived conflict to be necessary for adaptation and growth. It was from these conflict-driven processes that solidarity was promoted, both within and between human groups. -Conflict was therefore functionally necessary.
INTERACTIONALIST FRAMEWORK
SYMBOLIC INTERACTIONISM Mead (1934) Synthesized the concepts of self, mind and society or social environment, which he perceived to be inseparable. Human adapt to, and survive in, their environment by sharing common symbols, both verbal and nonverbal.
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symbols. Through the capacity to create and us symbols, humans have freed themselves from most of their instinctual and biologic programming. Human beings adapt and survive in the social world. Humans can effectively communicate because of their ability to read symbols produced by others and can take on the position or point of view of another person. Humans use words and language symbols to communicate, and they also use nonverbal gestures that have common meanings. Humans acquire a mind and self from interactions with others. Human interactions form the basis of society.
PSYCHODYNAMIC THEORIES
Attempt to explain the multidimensional nature of behavior and understand how an individuals personality and behavior interface. They also provide systematic way of identifying and understanding behavior. Example Sigmund Freud-Psychosexual Erik Erikson-Psychosocial Harry S. Sullivan-Interpersonal
Operant Conditioning: Skinner Refers to the manipulation of selected reinforcers to elicit and strengthen desired behavioral reinforcers.
Rational Emotive Theory: Albert Ellis Focuses on thinking and behavior rather than on feelings. A person can change beliefs by changing thoughts and thinking rationally. If this occurs, then the behavior is changed.
Cognitive Theory: Aaron Beck Cognitive distortions-are habitual errors in thinking that Beck stated are verbal or pictorial events that are formed in the conscious mind. Although cognitive distortions are in the conscious mind, Beck believed that they are influenced by an automatic thinking schema that originates in the unconscious mind, that developed in childhood and have been reinforced throughout life.
HUMANISTIC THEORIES
Emphasize a persons capacity for selfactualization ; thus, they present a relatively hopeful and optimistic perspective about humans. Humanists believe that the person contains within himself or herself the potential for healthy and creative growth.
Human Needs Theory: Abraham Maslow He charged the discipline to examine human strengths and to stress human virtue instead of human frailties, and he proposed that human science should explore individuals who realize their full potential. Person-Centered Theory: Carl Rogers Emphasizes the uniqueness of the individual. He believed that every individual has the potential to develop his or her talents to the maximum potential; he called this the actualizing tendency. Each individual possesses everything that is needed for self-understanding and for changing attitude and behaviour.
STRESS
A dynamic state in which a human interacts with the environment to maintain balance for growth, development and performance ;it is the exchange or information between human and environment for regulation and control of stressors.