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Diffraction
When waves encounter obstacles, the bending of waves around the edges of an obstacle is called DIFFRACTION.
DIFFRACTION
A S S B
FIG 1.1
Here we have a source s emitting waves having plane wavefronts. As the wavefronts pass through the slit ab,they are diffracted and are able to reach even those regions behind ab which they would be unable to reach had the rays not bended. One more thing to be noted here is that the shape of the wavefronts change as they pass through the slit. The reason for this bending can be explained with the help of huygens principle.
A A
P1 P2 P3 P4 PN
To obtain the new wavefront we consider p1,p2,..Pn as independent sources and circular arcs with same radius from each of these points. Now the plane a tangential to all these imaginary surfaces gives the new wavefront. We move on to using huygens principle for explanation of diffraction. Consider figure 1.1
The dimensions of the slit are finite.As a result,applying huygens principle we can say that the new wavefront obtained will be something like the surface shown in figure.
Types of diffraction
Fresnel diffraction
Fraunhofer diffraction S
I.
FRESNAL DIFFRACTION
When the distance between the slit ab and source of light s as well as between slit ab and the screen is finite, the diffraction is called Fresnal diffraction. In Fresnal diffraction the waves are either spherical or cylindrical.
I.
FRAUNHOFER DIFFRACTION
If light incident on slit ab is coming from infinite distance, the distance between obstacle a and screen c is infinite, the diffraction is called Fraunhofer diffraction. In Fraunhofer diffraction the incident waves should have plane wavefronts.
X-Ray Diffraction
X-rays have wavelengths comparable to atomic sizes and spacings, about 1010 m Crystals and molecules reflect X-rays in specific patterns depending on their structures
Bragg Diffraction
Braggs Law
W. H. Bragg and W. L. Bragg, 1913 (Nobel 1915) Condition for constructive interference:
2d sin n
Diffraction from different sets of planes in the crystal gives a picture of the overall structure
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To understand single slit diffraction, we must consider each point along the slit (of width a) to be a point source of light. There will be a path difference between light leaving the top of the slit and the light leaving the middle. This path difference will yield an interference pattern. Path difference of rays to P from top and bottom edge of slit DL = a sin destructive if DL = m, m=1,2, P Light
(a/2) sin
sin = m
(m 1, 2...) Destructive
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m=-1
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