GENERAL PRESENTATION ON BLACK HOLE

SUBMITTED TO: Mr. ABHISHEK DIXIT

SUBMIITED BY: SUMIT SAINI ROLLNO: 61 SECTION :144 B TECH.(H) M. TECH CSE

Black Holes
The Science Behind The Science Fiction
Eliot Quataert (Berkeley Astronomy Dept)

Science Fiction

A Journey That Begins Where Everything Ends

Infinite Space, Infinite Terror

A Muse for Popular Culture

The Far Side

Gary Larson

The giant Schilling vortex has become the black hole of popular culture, sucking in all images and sound and allowing only soundbites about The Great Pitcher s courage and legacy to escape.
Angry Yankees Fan

Suddenly, through forces not yet fully understood, Darren Belskys apartment became the center of a new black hole

What is a black hole?

Do BHs exist in Nature? YES! How do we find them? What do they look like?

First, Something Simpler: Stars Pressure Balances Gravity

From www.astronomynotes.com

The Sun

Eluding Gravitys Grasp

Escape Velocity

Escape Velocity

2GM Vesc R
Mass M Radius R

Speed Needed To Escape An Objects Gravitational Pull

Earth: Vesc = 27,000 miles/hour (11 km/s) Sun: Vesc = 1.4 million miles/hour (600 km/s)

Dark Stars
Rev. John Michell (1783) & Pierre-Simon Laplace (1796)

Speed of light 1 billion miles/hour (3x105 km/s)

What if a star were so small, escape speed > speed of light?

A star we couldnt see!

Vesc = speed of light

Earth mass:
Solar mass:

R 1 inch R 2 miles

1915: General Relativity, Einsteins Theory of Gravity 1916: Schwarzschilds Discovery of BHs in GR BHs only understood & accepted in the 1960s (Term Black Hole coined by John Wheeler in 1967)

Albert Einstein

Karl Schwarzschild

Black Holes in GR
If an object is small enough, gravity overwhelms pressure and the object collapses. Gravity is so strong that nothing, not even light, can escape.
Radius of a BH
2 miles for a solar mass 1 inch for an Earth mass

NOT a solid surface

All Mass at the Center (GR not valid there)

Dispelling the Myths

BHs are not cosmic vacuum cleaners: only inside the horizon is matter pulled inexorably inward Far away from a BH, gravity is no different than for any other object with the same mass If a BH were to replace the sun, the orbits of planets, asteroids, moons, etc., would be unchanged (though it would get really really cold).

How do we find BHs in Nature?

Its black, and it looks like a hole. Id say its a black hole.

Sidney Harris

Where are BHs Found?

Centers of Galaxies
1 BIG BH per galaxy million-billion x mass of sun formation not fully understood

Binary Stars
millions of little BHs per galaxy ~ 10 x mass of sun formed by collapse of a massive star

Shedding Light on BHs: X-ray Binaries

Gas falling into a BH gets very hot and emits lots of radiation in X-rays

QuickTime and a YUV420 codec decompressor are neede d to see this picture.

Matsuda

Accretion is how we see a black hole

If two stars orbit close enough to each other, mass gets pulled from one and falls (accretes) onto the other. The smaller the target object, the faster the gas moves and the hotter it gets.

How do we know its a BH?

Nature is tricky: couldnt it be another small star like a neutron star or a white dwarf?

Measure mass of X-ray star by motion of its companion (a star like the sun)

QuickTime an d a YUV420 codec decompressor are need ed to see this p icture .

How do we know its a BH?

Nature is tricky: couldnt it be another small star like a neutron star or a white dwarf?

Measure mass of X-ray star by motion of its companion (a star like the sun)

Mass > 3 solar masses BH!

Chandrasekhar

Roughly a dozen BHs found this way (tip of the iceberg)

Where are BHs Found?

Centers of Galaxies
1 BIG BH per galaxy million-billion x mass of sun unclear how they form

Binary Stars
millions of little BHs per galaxy ~ 10 x mass of sun formed by collapse of a massive star

The Milky Way Galaxy: ~ 100,000 light-years across

Scale: Size of Solar System: 0.01 light-years Typical Distance btw. Stars: 1 light-year

4 106 Msun Black Hole

Central Black Hole Mass: 4 million Msun Also ~ millions of 10 Msun BHs

Stars in the Central Light-Year of the Galaxy

Keep Zooming In

Evidence for a Big BH at the center of our Galaxy

QuickTime and a YUV420 codec decompressor are neede d to see this picture.

Motion of stars at the center of the Milky Way over the past decade

Genzel et al; also Ghez et al.

10 light-days size of solar system

Evidence for a Big BH at the center of our Galaxy

Velocities & Orbits of Stars Mass

Genzel et al; also Ghez et al.
QuickTime and a YUV420 codec decompressor are neede d to see this picture.

BH in our Galaxy weighs in at 4 MILLION SOLAR MASSES

10 light-days size of solar system

Light From Gas Falling Into the Black Hole

BH

Infrared Image

X-ray Solar Image Analogy: Flare

Many Varieties of Massive BHs

Brightness of Central Black Hole

Our Galaxy

Active Galactic Nuclei

radio image

The BH ejects beams (jets) of matter & energy far outside its host galaxy into the surrounding universe

The BH can outshine all of the stars in its host galaxy!

The Moral of the Story

Physicists said that Black Holes could exist
the ultimate victory of gravity over all other forces

Astronomers find that BHs do exist 1 Big BH per galaxy (~ million-billion solar masses) millions of little BHs per galaxy ( ~ solar mass) BHs are responsible for the most dramatic and energetic phenomena in the universe
BHs are seen via the light produced by infalling gas & the gravitational pull that they exert on nearby objects via