Chapter 7

Electromagnetic
Induction

1
 To produce electric current in a coil, the change
in magnetic flux is important and not the flux
itself.
 Discovery by Faraday was welcomed with
enthusiasm by scientists to fulfilled the dream of
humankind of converting mechanical energy in to
electric energy.
 More current is produced as the speed of the
magnet in increased
2
Faraday noted from the experiment

1. More current is produced as the speed of

the magnet in increased.
2. When a coil carrying electric current is
placed above another coil as shown in the
fif.7.3and relative motion is produced
between the two coils, and then the
galvenometer connected with the other
coil shows deflection.
3
 If any of the two coils mentioned above is given a rotation with
respect to each other then also deflection is observed in the
galvanometer.
 As shown in fig 7.4 when a bar magnet is moved nearer to a coil
in such away that its north pole faces the coil, the galvanometer
shows the deflection. In the position, when the galvanometer is
moved away, the galvanometer shows deflection. In this position,
when the galvanometer is moved away, the galvanometer shows
deflection in opposite direction. If the above mentioned
experiment is repeated by taking south pole of the magnet instead
of north, the result obtained are similar but deflections of the
galvanometer are in opposite direction

Electric field can be obtained

from changing magnetic field
4
 Lenz’s Law

 “Induced emf (or induced current) is

produced in such a direction that he
magnetic field produced due to it oppose the
very cause (motion of magnet) that produces
it”

5
6
 Faraday’s Discovery
 Faraday was hoping
that the magnetic field
generated by the
current on the left
circuit would induce a
current in the wire on
the right.
 But no luck, as the
meter shows.
7
 Faraday’s Discovery
 So he shut down for
lunch.
 But when he opened the
switch to cut off the
current in the left circuit,
the meter suddenly
moved, showing a
momentary current in the
wire on the right.
 It quickly went back to
zero.
8
 Faraday’s Discovery
 Baffled, he closed the
switch again.
 And noticed that the
meter jumped again
momentarily, and this
time the meter needle
went the other way.
 I bet he actually did it
a bunch of times
before he noticed that
it went the other way.. 9
 Faraday’s Discovery
 Faraday found that he could induce a
current in a closed wire, but only if the
magnetic field through the coil is
changing.
 This is an informal statement of Faraday’s
Law.

10
 Motional emf
An induced current in a Changing
circuit can be created magnetic field
(since current is
Stationary circuit
with meter

2 ways: changing)

2. Change the strength

of the magnetic field
through a stationary
circuit. That’s what
Faraday did by
opening and closing
the switch. 11
 Motional emf
Constant B Circuit
The other way to induce field into
the page
changes
size due to
a current:
2. Change the size or
orientation of the
circuit in a stationary
magnetic field.
We shall look at this
second method first.
This is motional
emf. 12
 Motional emf
 The external B field
causes a magnetic
force on positive and
negative charges
moving to the right.
 The electron holes
move up and the
electrons move down.

13
 Motional emf
 Since the rest of the
loop isn’t moving, there
is no magnetic force on
it, so the electron holes
will flow along the wire
to get back to the more
negative side.
 Wow, electric current
with no power source
except a moving wire!
Why aren’t we all fat
and happy?
14
 Motional emf
 We’ll find out soon.
 Another result of the
charge separation is
an E field.
 This E field also
causes a force, which
is in the opposite
direction as the force
due to the B field.
15
 Motional emf
 Electron holes continue to
move up, but only until
FE down equals FB up, at
which charge separation
ceases.
 As long as the wire keeps
moving, there will be a
charge separation.
 The magnetic force is
doing work to maintain
that charge separation.
16
 Motional emf
Recall emf (motional or otherwise) is the
work done per unit charge, i.e. a potential
difference.
∫
∆V = - Eds

When FE equals FB (assume α = 900):

qE = qvB or E = vB
17
 Motional emf
For a wire of length L,
moving in a direction
perpendicular to an
external B field:
l

∆V = - ∫ − vBdx
0

emf = BvL

18
 Motional emf
 The emf due to the charge
separation exists whether
or not the loop is closed
(battery analogy).
 If there is a closed loop:
I = BvL/R
 The induced current is
due to magnetic forces on
moving charges.

19
 Lenz’s Law
 There is an induced
current in a closed
conducting loop only
if the magnetic flux is
changing (either B, A
or θ). The direction
of the induced current
is such that the
induced magnetic
field opposes the
change.
20
 Using Lenz Law
• Determine the direction of the external magnetic field.
• Determine how the flux is changing. Is it increasing,
decreasing, or staying the same?
• Determine the direction of an induced magnetic field that
will oppose the change in the flux.
– Increasing: induced magnetic field points opposite the external
magnetic field.
– Decreasing: induced magnetic field points in the same direction as the
external magnetic field.
– Constant: no induced magnetic field.
4. Determine the direction of the induced current. Use the
right-hand rule.

21
 Faraday’s Law
Recall that a current in a
circuit can be created 2
ways:
– Change the size or
orientation of the
circuit in a stationary
magnetic field.
– Change the strength of
the magnetic field
through a stationary
circuit.
Both of these create a
changing magnetic
flux.
22
 Faraday’s Law
The current exists because
the changing magnetic
flux has induced an
emf. In a closed circuit
with a resistance, R:
I = ε/R
The current is a
consequence of the
emf.
The emf is a consequence
of Φm

23
 Faraday’s Law
An emf is induced in a conducting coil of N turns if
the magnetic flux through the coil changes. The
magnitude of the emf is equal to the rate of
change of the magnetic flux:
dΦ m
ε=N
dt

The direction is given by Lenz Law.

24
 Faraday’s Law
Recall the expression for
emf of a wire of
length L, moving in
an external B field:
l

∆V = - ∫ − vBds
0

emf = v LB

25
 Faraday’s Law
Does Faraday’s Law
give us the same?
ε = dΦ/dt = d(BLx)/dt
L, B are constant so
ε = (BL)dx/dt
ε = BLv

26
 Faraday’s Law

For the case shown,

the induced B field
will be in which
direction?

27
 FARADAY’S LAW
 Michael Faraday and Joseph Henry
discovered it in 1831.
 Changing magnetic flux produces an
emf.
 Or Changing B-Field produces E-Field.
 The rate of change of magnetic flux is
required.
By Arti Joshi
 Induced EMF produced by a
changing Magnetic Flux!

dΦ  
Φ = ∫ B ⋅ dA
ε =−
dt area
29
Changing Flux due to moving
permanent magnet

dΦ
ε = −N
dt

By Arti Joshi
 Nature of a changing flux
 
Φ = ∫ B⋅ dA Φ=
 
∫ ⋅ dA
B
area

area

 Since flux is defined as a dot product

– B can change
– A can change  
∫
d
– ε = −N
θ can change B ⋅ dA
dt
A
By Arti Joshi
32
33
 Michael Faraday
 1791 – 1867
 Great experimental
scientist
 Discovered
electromagnetic
induction
 Invented electric motor,
generator and
transformer
 Discovered laws of
electrolysis

34
By Arti Joshi
 Faraday’s Discovery
• Faraday was hoping
that the magnetic field
generated by the
current on the left
circuit would induce a
current in the wire on
the right.
• But no luck, as the
meter shows.

35
 Faraday’s Discovery
• So he shut down for
lunch.
• But when he opened the
switch to cut off the
current in the left circuit,
the meter suddenly
moved, showing a
momentary current in the
wire on the right.
• It quickly went back to
zero.

36
 Faraday’s Discovery
• Baffled, he closed
the switch again.
• And noticed that the
meter jumped again
momentarily, and this
time the meter needle
went the other way.
• I bet he actually did it
a bunch of times
before he noticed that
it went the other way..
37
 Faraday’s Discovery
• Faraday found that he could induce a
current in a closed wire, but only if the
magnetic field through the coil is changing.
• This is an informal statement of Faraday’s
Law.

38
 Motional emf
An induced current in a
circuit can be Changing Stationary circuit
created 2 ways: magnetic field
(since current is
with meter
changing)
2. Change the strength
of the magnetic field
through a stationary
circuit. That’s what
Faraday did by
opening and closing
the switch.
39
 Motional emf
Circuit
changes
Constant B
The other way to induce field into
the page
size due to

a current:
2. Change the size or
orientation of the
circuit in a stationary
magnetic field.
We shall look at this
second method first.
This is motional emf.

40
 Motional emf
• The external B field
causes a magnetic
force on positive and
negative charges
moving to the right.
• The electron holes
move up and the
electrons move down.

41
 Motional emf
• Since the rest of the
loop isn’t moving,
there is no magnetic
force on it, so the
electron holes will
flow along the wire to
get back to the more
negative side.
• Wow, electric current
with no power source
except a moving wire!
Why aren’t we all fat
42
and happy?
 Motional emf
• We’ll find out soon.
• Another result of the
charge separation is
an E field.
• This E field also
causes a force, which
is in the opposite
direction as the force
due to the B field.

43
 Motional emf
• Electron holes continue to
move up, but only until
FE down equals FB up, at
which charge separation
ceases.
• As long as the wire keeps
moving, there will be a
charge separation.
• The magnetic force is
doing work to maintain
that charge separation.

44
 Motional emf
Recall emf (motional or otherwise) is the
work done per unit charge, i.e. a potential
difference.
∫
∆V = - Eds

When FE equals FB (assume α = 900):

qE = qvB or E = vB

45
 Motional emf
For a wire of length L,
moving in a direction
perpendicular to an
external B field:
l
∆V = -
∫ − vBds
0
emf = v LB

46
 Motional emf
• The emf due to the
charge separation exists
whether or not the loop is
closed (battery analogy).
• If there is a closed loop:
I = vLB/R
• The induced current is
due to magnetic forces on
moving charges.

47
 Lenz’s Law
• There is an induced
current in a closed
conducting loop only
if the magnetic flux is
changing (either B, A
or θ). The direction of
the induced current is
such that the induced
magnetic field
opposes the change.
48
 Using Lenz Law
• Determine the direction of the external magnetic
field.
• Determine how the flux is changing. Is it increasing,
decreasing, or staying the same?
• Determine the direction of an induced magnetic field
that will oppose the change in the flux.
– Increasing: induced magnetic field points opposite the external
magnetic field.
– Decreasing: induced magnetic field points in the same direction
as the external magnetic field.
– Constant: no induced magnetic field.
4. Determine the direction of the induced current. Use
the right-hand rule.

49
 Faraday’s Law
Recall that a current in
a circuit can be
created 2 ways:
– Change the size or
orientation of the
circuit in a stationary
magnetic field.
– Change the strength
of the magnetic field
through a stationary
circuit.
Both of these create a
changing magnetic
flux.
50
 Faraday’s Law
The current exists
because the
changing magnetic
flux has induced an
emf. In a closed
circuit with a
resistance, R:
I = ε/R
The current is a
consequence of the
emf.
The emf is a
consequence of Φm 51
 Faraday’s Law
An emf is induced in a conducting coil of N turns if
the magnetic flux through the coil changes. The
magnitude of the emf is equal to the rate of
change of the magnetic flux:

dΦ m
ε=N
dt

The direction is given by Lenz Law.

52
 Faraday’s Law
Recall the expression
for emf of a wire of
length L, moving in an
external B field:
l
∆V = -
∫ − vBds
0
emf = v LB

53
 Faraday’s Law
Does Faraday’s Law
give us the same?
ε = dΦ/dt = d(xLB)/dt
L, B are constant so
ε = (LB)dx/dt
ε = v LB

54
 Faraday’s Law
For the case shown,
the induced B field
will be in which
direction?

55
 FARADAY’S LAW
• Michael Faraday and Joseph Henry
discovered it in 1831
• Changing magnetic flux produces an
emf
• Or Changing B-Field produces E-Field
• The rate of change of magnetic flux is
required

By Arti Joshi
 Induced EMF produced by a
changing Magnetic Flux!

 
ε =−
dΦ
dt
Φ=
∫
area
B ⋅ dA
57
Changing Flux due to moving
permanent magnet

dΦ
ε = −N
dt

By Arti Joshi
 Nature of a changing flux
 
Φ = ∫ B⋅ dA
area

• Since flux is defined as a dot product

– B can change
– A can change
 
∫
– θ can change d
ε = −N B ⋅ dA
dt
A
By Arti Joshi