Definition of Plane:

PROJECTIONS OF PLANES

A plane surface or figure has only two dimensions i.e length and breadth and has no or negligible thickness. A plane surface may be of any shape e.g. circular or polygon, regular or irregular etc.. A plane surface may be represented by; (a)Three Points not on a Straight line (b)Two intersecting lines (c)A line and a point not lying on that line (d)Two parallel lines

(1) Three Points not on a Straight line

b c

.b
a.

.c

(2) Two intersecting lines

a

c
X a b

d
Y d

c b

(3)A line and a point not lying on that line

a

. p
X
p.

b Y

b a

(4) Two parallel lines

a c X c b a d b d

ORIENTATION OF PLANES IN SPACE

Orientation of planes in space may be of any type as stated below; Class A: Plane parallel to (or contained by)one reference plane and hence perpendicular to both the other planes; (a) Plane parallel to (or contained by)P.P. and hence perpendicular to both H.P. & V.P.

(b) Plane parallel to ( or contained by) V.P. and hence perpendicular to both H.P. & P.P.
(c) Plane parallel to (or contained by) H.P. and hence perpendicular to both V.P. & P.P.

ORIENTATION OF PLANES IN SPACE

Class B:Plane perpendicular to one reference plane and inclined to other two planes;

(a) Plane perpendicular to V.P. and inclined to H.P. by & also inclined to P.P. (b) Plane perpendicular to H.P. and inclined to V.P. by & also inclined to P.P. (c) Plane perpendicular to P.P. and inclined to H.P. by & to V.P. by

ORIENTATION OF PLANES IN SPACE

Class C:Planes inclined to all the reference planes ( i.e. H.P., V.P. and P.P.); - Plane inclined to H.P. by , inclined to V.P. by and also inclined to P.P

- Such planes are also called oblique planes

Class A(1): Plane parallel to P.P. and hence perpendicular to both H.P. & V.P.
a A D d b

a,b c,d X a,d b,c

V.P.

P.P. b

B
C

d Y

a,d

b,c
H.P.

Class A(2): Plane parallel to V.P. and hence perpendicular to both H.P. & P.P.
A, a B, d Y

b D, d F.V. X
C, c a c Y d A D B C

X
a, d T.V. b, c

Class A(3): Plane parallel to H.P. and hence perpendicular to both V.P. & P.P.
Y

a,b

c,d F.V. Y

C Y B d
c b X b X a

T.V.

Class B(1): Plane perpendicular to V.P. and inclined to H.P. by & also inclined to P.P.
Y b, c a, d F.V.

b, c B
Y

X a b

a, d A X

b D c
d

d T.V.

Exercise 01: A regular hexagonal plate ABCDEF, 30mm side, is resting on H.P. on one of the sides/edges with surface of the plate making 45 with H.P. and perpendicular to V.P. Draw the projections of the plate.

Data Given: (1) Hexa. Plate Size = 30mm (2) = 45

c,f

d,e

E
f

F a,b

C d
c

E,e X A,a B,b D,d

C,c

Data Given: (1) Hexa. Plate Size = 30mm (2) = 45

c1,f1 a,b X c,f f d,e a1,b1 f1 e a1

d1,e1

Y
e1

a
30

b1

d1

Scale: 1:1

Class B (2): Plane perpendicular to H.P. and inclined to V.P. by & also inclined to P.P.
Y a

.
F.V.

b
c Y X T.V. b, c a Ac d D

d X

B
C

a, d

Exercise 02:

A square plate PQRS, edge 25mm size, is in space with one of its corners on V.P. Surface of the plate makes 60 with V.P. and it is perpendicular to H.P. Draw its projections.

Data Given: - Square Plate Size=25mm

- =60
P,p

s r S

q p r

Y
Q q,s

q,s
p

Data Given: (1) Square Plate Size=25mm s (2) =60

p
P S

s1 r p 1
R

r1

q Q p q,s r p1

q1

q1,s1 r1

Class B (3): Plane perpendicular to P.P. and inclined to H.P. by & to V.P. by Y
b a A d a B a,b

D d

Exercise 03: A rectangular plate PQRS 30mm X 60mm size, is in space with shorter edge parallel to H.P. and 20mm above it. Plate PQRS is perpendicular to V.P. and inclined to H.P. by such an angle so that its plan becomes square. Draw the projections.

Data Given:
- Size of rectangle=30mmX60mm
-Distance of plane from H.P.=20mm (plane is parallel to H.P.) - Size of Plan=square of 30mm X 30mm c,d a1,b1 a,b
X

c1d1

20

A,a

D,d

a1

d1

30

B ,b

60

C,c

b1 30

c1

Exercise 04: A regular pentagonal plate of 30mm sides, has one of its corners on H.P. The plane of the pentagon is inclined at 45 to the H.P. The side of the pentagon, which is opposite to the corner, which is on H.P. is inclined at 30 to the V.P. Draw the projections of the plate.

Data Given - Size of Pentagonal Plate =30mm - = 45 - = 30

c1,d1 d2 c 2 b1,e1 X a b,e e c,d a1 d e 2 d1 e2 c1 b1 a 2 d2 c2

e1

b2
Y

a c b

a1

a2

b2

Scale = 1:1

Exercise 05: Draw the projections of a circle of 75mm diameter resting on the H.P. on a point A of the circumference. Plane is inclined to the H.P. such that the plan of it is an ellipse of minor axis 30mm. The plan of the diameter, thorough the point A, is making an angle of 30 with the V.P. Measure the angle of the plane with the H.P.

Data Given:
(1) Circle Dia.=75mm (2) =30 e1 (3) Minor axis plan d1,f1 length=30mm
75 a b,h c,g d,f e g X f h a b d e c1,g1 b1,h1 a1 g1 h1 f1 a1 b1 c1 30 e2 f2 g2 d2

c2
b2 f2 e2

h2
g2 h2

a2

e1
d1

a2

d2 b2 c 2

Scale:1:1

Exercise 06:
A regular hexagonal plate 40mm side is resting on one of its edges on H.P. The plane makes an angle of 30 to H.P. and its longest diagonal makes an angle of 45 with V.P. Draw its projections.

Data given :(1) Regular hexagonal plate size = 40mm (2) =30 (3) = = 45 Scale = 1:1 d1e1 ab a cf f de e a1 c f 1 1 f1 f 2 a2

e2
c2

d2

f b2 e2 2

e1
d2 a2

b c

b1

d1 c1

b2

c2

Exercise 07: A square plate of side 50mm is held on a corner on H.P. with a diagonal horizontal and inclined at 40 to V.P. The plate is seen as a rhombus in plan with one of its diagonals measuring 40mm. Draw its projections and determine the angle it makes with H.P.

Data Given:
(1)Plate =50mm sq.
(2)Plate Diagonal =parallel to H.P. & at 40 ( ) to V.P. (3)Plate is seen as rhombus with one diagonal=40mm c2 c1 L bd d T.S. square b b1d1 d1 c a1

d2
a2 c2 a2

b 2 Y

a1

= d2

c1
b2

40

b1

Exercise 08:

A regular pentagon ABCDE, of 25mm sides, has its side AB in the V.P. and inclined at an angle of 45 to the H.P. The corner A is 20mm above H.P. and the corner D is 25mm in front of V.P. Draw the projections of the plane and find its inclination with the V.P.

Data Given:(1) Regular pentagonal plate size=25mm

(2) =45 (3) A= 20 mm above XY line (4) D= 25 mm below XY line

a
25 e d c c,e d a1 e1

-:Answer: = 31
d2

c2
b 2

d1 e2 b1
25

a,b

Scale=1:1

a1,b1 c1,e1 d1

a2
e2

b2 Y c2

Locus of d

d2

20

c1

a 2

Exercise 09:

A 30- 60 set square has its shortest side 40mm long and is in the H.P. The top view of the set square is an isosceles triangle and the hypotenuse of the set square is inclined at an angle of 45 with the V.P. Draw the projections of the set square and find its inclination with the H.P.

Data:(1) T.L.(AB)=40mm (2) =45 c1

Answer:-

(1) = 55

Locus of c c2

a,b X a 40 60 30 b

c a1,b1 a1 40

b2 a2

a2

c Scale:-1:1

b1 40

c1

b2 c2 Locus of c

Exercise 10: ABCD is a rhombus of diagonals AC=120mm and BD=60mm. Its corner A is in the H.P. and the Plane is inclined to the H.P. such that the plan appears to be a square. The plan of diagonal AC makes an angle of 30 to the V.P. Draw the projections of the plane and find its inclination with H.P.

Data:(1) Size of rhombus = 120 mm X 60mm (2) =30 c1 (1) = 60

b1d1 X c2

Answer:-

d 2 a2

b2 Y

b,d
d

c a1
d1 c a1

60

a
120 b

c1
b 60 1

d2 c2 a2 30

Scale:-1:1

b2

Exercise 11:
A regular hexagonal plate 40mm side is resting on one of its corners in H.P. The diagonal through that corner is inclined at 30 to H.P. and (a)the plan of that diagonal is inclined to V.P. by 30 and (b)diagonal is inclined at 30. Draw its projections.

Data Given:(1) Hexagonal plate size=40mm (2) =30 (3) =30 [for case (a)] (4) =30 [for case (b)]
b1f1 ce d a1 f1 e d a1

X a bf f a

40

b1

d2 d2 e e2 2 c 2 c2 c1e1 f2 f2 b2 b2 e a a2 e 2 2 e1 2 d2 d1 f2 f2 d2 d1 c2 a c 2 2 a2 b2 c1 b2 Locus of d
d1

Scale=1:1

A square plate having size 40 mm, is resting on V.P. with one of its corner . The plane is inclined to V.P. by 40. The diagonal passing through the point which is on V.P. ,is inclined at 30 to the H.P. Draw its projection.

DATA :

(1) =40 (2) =30 (3) Size of square =40 mm

C3

C2 LOCUS OF C2

d2

Scale :- 1:1

PROJECTIONS OF PLANES