Objectives: Explain the variations of the elements in terms of ionic radii.

. Describe the reactions of the elements with oxygen, chlorine and water.

The electronic structures for the elements in period 3 of the Periodic Table Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
[Ne] 3s1 [Ne] 3s2 [Ne] 3s2 3px1 [Ne] 3s2 3px1 3py1 [Ne] 3s2 3px1 3py1 3pz1 [Ne] 3s2 3px2 3py1 3pz1 [Ne] 3s2 3px2 3py2 3pz1 [Ne] 3s2 3px2 3py2 3pz2

Explain the change in atomic radii from sodium to chlorine.

Explain the change in the first ionization energy in Period 3 elements.

REACTIONS WITH OXYGEN

Sodium reacts vigorously when burns

in oxygen with an orange flame to produce a white solid mixture of sodium oxide and sodium peroxide. 2Na(s) + O2(g) Na2O2(s)
Magnesium

react vigorously when burns in oxygen with an intense white flame to give white solid magnesium oxide. 2Mg(s) + O2(g) 2MgO(s)

REACTIONS WITH OXYGEN

Aluminium reacts vigorously when burns

in oxygen if it is powdered, otherwise the strong oxide layer on the aluminium tends to inhibit the reaction. White aluminium oxide is formed. 4Al(s) + 2O2(g) 2Al2O3(s)
Silicon reacts slowly when burns in

oxygen if heated strongly enough. Silicon dioxide is produced. Si(s) + O2(g) SiO2(s)

REACTIONS WITH OXYGEN

Phosphorus. White phosphorus catches

fire spontaneously in air, burning with a white flame and producing clouds of white smoke - a mixture of phosphorus(III) oxide and phosphorus(V) oxide. 4P(s) + 5O2(g) 2P2O5(s)
Sulphur burns in air or oxygen on gentle

heating with a pale blue flame. It produces colourless sulphur dioxide gas. S(s) + O2(g) SO2(g)

REACTIONS WITH OXYGEN

Chlorine won't react directly with

oxygen. Argon doesn't react either.

REACTIONS WITH WATER

Sodium has a very exothermic reaction

with cold water producing hydrogen and a colourless solution of sodium hydroxide. 2Na(s) + 2H2O(l) 2NaOH(aq) + H2(g)
Magnesium has a very slight reaction

with cold water, but burns in steam. Magnesium burns in steam with its typical white flame to produce white magnesium oxide and hydrogen. Mg(s) + H2O(g) MgO(s) + H2(g)

REACTIONS WITH WATER

Aluminium powder heated in steam

produces hydrogen and aluminium oxide. The reaction is relatively slow because of the existing strong aluminium oxide layer on the metal, and the build-up of even more oxide during the reaction. 2Al(s) + 3H2O(g) Al2O3(s) + 3H2(g)
Silicon, Phosphorus and sulphur do not

react. They are insoluble in water.

REACTIONS WITH WATER

Silicon. will react with steam at red heat

to produce silicon dioxide and hydrogen. Chlorine dissolves green solution. A reversible reaction takes place to produce a mixture of hydrochloric acid, chloric acid (HClO3) and hypochlorous acid(HClO). Cl2(g) + H2O(l) 2H+(aq) + Cl-(aq) + ClO-(aq)
Argon. There is no reaction between

argon and water

REACTIONS WITH CHLORINE

Apart from argon (and chlorine itself) all

Period 3 elements react with chlorine. Sodium, magnesium and aluminium react vigorously to form NaCl, MgCl2 and AlCl3 respectively, which are ionic solids. Silicon, phosphorus and sulphur react more slowly to form SiCl4(l), PCl5(s) and S2Cl2(l).

REACTIONS WITH CHLORINE

Sodium burns in chlorine with a bright

orange flame. White solid sodium chloride is produced. Magnesium burns with its usual intense white flame to give white magnesium chloride
Aluminium is often reacted with chlorine

by passing dry chlorine over aluminium foil heated in a long tube. The aluminium burns in the stream of chlorine to produce very pale yellow aluminium chloride

REACTIONS WITH CHLORINE

Silicon. If chlorine is passed over silicon

powder heated in a tube, it reacts to produce silicon tetrachloride. This is a colourless liquid
Phosphorus. White phosphorus burns in

chlorine to produce a mixture of two chlorides, Phosphorus(III) chloride is a colourless fuming liquid and Phosphorus(V) chloride is an off-white (going towards yellow) solid.

REACTIONS WITH CHLORINE

Sulphur. If a stream of chlorine is passed

over some heated sulphur, it reacts to form an orange, evil-smelling liquid, disulphur dichloride, S2Cl2
Chlorine

and argon. It obviously doesn't make sense to talk about chlorine reacting with itself, and argon doesn't react with chlorine

KEY POINTS The main influences on atomic radius in Period 3 are the size of the nuclear charge and the distance of the outer shell electrons from the nucleus. Across Period 3, the reactivity of the elements with oxygen, chlorine and water tends to decrease. Across Period 3, the chlorides and oxides change from ionic to covalent compounds.

HOMEWORK Write the balance equation of the elements in Period 3 with chlorine.