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NH4+(aq) + OH-(aq)
Weak Acid or Base: It does not dissociate 100% Weak acids and bases only a small percent dissociates (Weak electrolytes)
Acetic acid:
CH3COOH(aq) + H2O(l) CH3COO-(aq) + H3O+(aq)
HCO3-(aq) + H3O+(aq)
Weak Acids
Carbonic Acid:
H2CO3(aq) + H2O(l)
Ammonia:
NH3(aq) + H2O(l) NH4+(aq) + OH-(aq)
A- + HB+
Conj. Conj. base acid
Conjugate Acid what the base becomes after it accepts a proton. Conjugate Base what the acid becomes after it donates its proton Conjugate Acid-Base Pair the acid and base on the opposite sides of the equation
Acid-Base Practice
Write the chemical reaction for the following acids or bases in water. Identify the conjugate acid base pairs. 1. HF (a weak acid) 2. H2S (a weak acid) 3. HNO3 (a strong acid) 4. CH3NH2 (a weak base)
H2O(l) + H2O(l)
Called autoionization Very weak electrolyte
H3O+(aq) + OH-(aq)
Hydronium Ion
H3O+ is called the hydronium ion In pure water at room temperature:
[H3O+] = 1 10-7 M [OH-] = 1 10-7 M What is the equilibrium expression for:
H2O(l) + H2O(l)
H3O+(aq) + OH-(aq)
-
K w [H3O ][OH ]
Remember, liquids are not included in equilibrium expressions
The pH Scale
Neutralization Reactions
The reaction of an acid with a base to produce a salt and water HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) NaCl(aq) + H2O(l) Break apart into ions: H+ + Cl- + Na+ + OH- Na+ + Cl- + H2O Net ionic equation
Acid Base Salt Water
Show only the changed components Omit any ions appearing the same on both sides of equation = Spectator Ions
This equation applies to any strong acid / strong base neutralization reaction
Acid-Base Buffers
Buffer solution - solution which resists large changes in pH when either acids or bases are added These solutions are frequently prepared in laboratories to maintain optimum conditions for chemical reactions Buffers are also used routinely in commercial products to maintain optimum conditions for product behavior
Buffers act to establish an equilibrium between a conjugate acid base pair Buffers consist of either
a weak acid and its salt (conjugate base) a weak base and its salt (conjugate acid) CH3COOH(aq) + H2O(l) CH3COO-(aq) + H3O+(aq) Acetic acid (CH3COOH) with sodium acetate (CH3COONa)
An equilibrium is established in solution between the acid and the salt anion