Fertilization Environmant

Soil & Water Sci Dept
9/19/2013
Dr. Hussein Ragheb, Fert. and Envi.
Fertilization and Environment
Fertilizers Potential Hazards:

Residuals in Soils (P and Uranium) Food Chain (Nitrate/Nitrite, H.M.) Water (Nitrate/Nitrite) Air Pollution (N Volatilization)
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N Loss Consequences Requiring Management Attention
Decreased crop production and profitability

Inefficient
land use, reduced performance of other crop inputs, reduced water use efficiency
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Water resource contamination

eutrophication:
lakes, streams, rivers,
estuaries groundwater contamination coastal water contamination - urea and harmful algal blooms (neurotoxin poisoning)
Air pollution
Ammonia
and particulates, nitrous oxide and NOx (global warming, stratospheric ozone depletion, acid rain)
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N and Environment
N- ecological & environmental effects 1. Eutrophication: of coastal marine
ecosystems, freshwater lakes 2. acid rain: effects on freshwater and terrestrial ecosystems 3. loss of biodiversity: aquatic and terrestrial 4. ozone creation: @ ground-level (leads to loss of agricultural and forest productivity)
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N and Environment
5. Ozone destruction in stratosphere
(increased UV-B radiation on Earth) Contribution to global warming (GHGs).
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N and Environment
6. Increased health effects include:
asthma and respiratory malfunction, pollen production, and increased allergies and asthma bluebaby syndrome risk of cancer and other chronic diseases from nitrate in drinking water risk of a variety of pulmonary and cardiac diseases from production of fine particles in the atmosphere
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N and Environment
Three main points:
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N and Environment
Background information that describes the global warming potential (GWP) of GHG emissions from agriculture and fertilizer use, and how they compare to other sources.
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N and Environment
A description of how crop and fertilizer management practices affect GHG emissions.
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N and Environment
A conclusion recommending how the BMPs described might be implemented to mitigate GHG emissions
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N and Environment
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Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Methane (CH4) Nitrous Oxide (N2O) Fluorinated Gases
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Agriculture and Environment

Source of three GHGs Sink of CO2
N fertilization is considered as a substantial factor influencing the global warming potential (GWP) of an agricultural cropping system.
Carbon Dioxide (CO2):

Fossil fuels (oil, natural gas, and coal), solid waste, trees and wood products, and also as a result of other chemical reactions (e.g., manufacture of cement).
Methane (CH4):
production and transport of coal, natural gas, and oil; livestock and other agricultural practices and by the decay of organic waste in municipal solid waste landfills.
Nitrous Oxide (N2O):

agricultural and industrial activities, as well as during combustion of fossil fuels and solid waste.
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Fluorinated Gases:
(Hydrofluorocarbons, perfluorocarbons, and sulfur hexafluoride): synthetic, powerful greenhouse gases from a variety of industrial processes.
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GHG
Green House Gases
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GWP
Global Warming Potential
GWP = Global Warming Potential

N2O x 296 = CO2 equivalent CH4 x 21 = CO2 equivalent
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United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization & Scientific Committee on Problems of the Environment
http://www.icsu-scope.org/unesco/070424%20(w)%20USPB04%20En.pdf
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Public Perception .. Ag is Bad Actor .. Affecting Air Quality and Water Quality
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10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 1950
World Population Growth

World Population Growth in More and Less Developed Countries
20% more people in ~ 20 years
Less Developed Regions
Food, fiber, and fuel demands will continue to increase
what will the environmental impact be?

More Developed Regions
1970
1990
2010
2030
2050
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Consumption of N Sources
U.S. N Source Consumption
30,000,000 25,000,000
Other Short tons of fertilizer
20,000,000
15,000,000
Am. thiosulfate Aqua ammonia Am. sulfate Am. nitrate A. ammonia Anhydrous ammonia Urea 4,000,000
Urea + UAN Sol. Anhydrous ammonia + urea + UAN
10,000,000 9000 8000 5,000,000 7000 6000 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 0 1960 1970 1980 Years 1990 2000 2010 -
N Fertilizaers 1000 ton
Nitrogen Fertilization
2002 of N Metric tons
Year ending June 30
3,500,000 N Soln. 3,000,000 2,500,000 2,000,000 1,500,000 1,000,000 500,000 0

2006
1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
1970
1984
1972
1974
1976
1978
1980
1982
1986
1988
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2004
Year ending June 30
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N Rates Above Agronomic Optimum Can Increase Risk of N2O Emission
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Estimates of N2O Emissions from Cropland in 1995 (adapted from IFA/FAO, 2001)
Region
Area (million ha)
Fertilizer N Applied
Animal Manure N Applied
N2O-N emitted total Fertilizer-induced 1 % of total
million tonnes
Canada U.S. World

1
46 190
1,436
1.58 11.15
73.48
0.21 1.58
20.66
0.067 0.316
3.150
0.016 0.112
0.735
24 35
23
Estimated using IPCC emission factor of 1%
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When adequate inorganic N was present, the incorporation of straw in conventional till or the application of straw on the surface of zero till approximately doubled the accumulative gaseous N losses (increased supply of energy to denitrifying organisms) (Aulakh et al., 1984).
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From 71 to 77% of the surface applied fertilizer N remaining in the profiles was in the 0 to 0.1 m soil layers (Olson and Swallow, 1984
Solutions..?
This is the problem. What is (are) the solution(s)?
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Solutions..?
Best management practices (BMP) are needed in many cropped, irrigated and fertirrigated lands in allover the world to avoid contamination of air, fresh water and ground water aquifers
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Nitrogen Use Efficiency
estimated NUE for cereal production ranges from 30 to 35%.
Improving Nitrogen Use Efficiency for Cereal Production ( 1999 Agronomy Journal 91:357-363)
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N Recovery and NUE are Affected by Other Essential Nutrients
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Fertilizer N BMPs can help minimize potential for residual NO3-N accumulation & losses
N source, rate, placement , and timing . which may include

Urease inhibitors Nitrification inhibitors Slow-release materials Controlled-release materials
In combination with appropriate, sitespecific cropping system and conservation practices
(e.g. conservation tillage, cover crops, vegetative buffers, managed drainage, wetlands, bioreactors, etc.)
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Profitability
Yield Potential Yield Target Yield Achievement Gross return over fertilizer coast
Productivity
Agronomic efficiency Physiological efficiency
Nutrient Management Strategy
Sustainability
Recovery efficiency Internal efficiency

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Yield stability Soil Change Nutrient balance Nutrient losses

40
Environment
Physiological efficiency
Aim: Generate new plant genotypes, showing a better nitrogen use efficiency that allows constant yield (biomass production and seed quality) even under low nitrogen supply. Researchs should focused on three aspects: Transport of nitrate/nitrite within the whole plant Signaling of nitrogen starvation Exploring natural variation for plant adaptation to nitrogen availability
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Solutions..?
Site-Specific Nutrient Management (SSNM)

http://www.irri.org/irrc/SSNM/index.asp
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N Sensing and Spatial Management in DSS
USDA NSTL
Okla. State U.
U. of MO, P. Scharf
Miss. State U., J . Varco
USDA ARS, Nebraska
USDA-ARS, Missouri
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Executive summary of the literature review prepared by the International Plant Nutrition Institute (IPNI) in 2007. By C.S. Snyder, T.W. Bruulsema, and T.L. Jensen
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http://www.floridaagwaterpolicy.com/BestManagementPractices.html
http://www.ipni.net/bettercrops
http://www.fertilizer.org

FY 2004 Proposal
Questions/Input?
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Fertilization Environmant

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Soil & Water Sci Dept

Dr. Hussein Ragheb, Fert. and Envi.

Soil & Water Sci Dept

Fertilization and Environment

Fertilizers Potential Hazards:

Soil & Water Sci Dept

N Loss Consequences Requiring Management Attention

Decreased crop production and profitability

Dr. Hussein Ragheb, Fert. and Envi.

Soil & Water Sci Dept

N Loss Consequences Requiring Management Attention

Water resource contamination

lakes, streams, rivers,

Soil & Water Sci Dept

N Loss Consequences Requiring Management Attention

Dr. Hussein Ragheb, Fert. and Envi.

Soil & Water Sci Dept

Dr. Hussein Ragheb, Fert. and Envi.

Soil & Water Sci Dept

Dr. Hussein Ragheb, Fert. and Envi.

Soil & Water Sci Dept

Dr. Hussein Ragheb, Fert. and Envi.

Soil & Water Sci Dept

Soil & Water Sci Dept

Three main points:

Dr. Hussein Ragheb, Fert. and Envi.

Soil & Water Sci Dept

Dr. Hussein Ragheb, Fert. and Envi.

Soil & Water Sci Dept

Dr. Hussein Ragheb, Fert. and Envi.

Soil & Water Sci Dept

Dr. Hussein Ragheb, Fert. and Envi.

Soil & Water Sci Dept

Dr. Hussein Ragheb, Fert. and Envi.

Soil & Water Sci Dept

Dr. Hussein Ragheb, Fert. and Envi.

Soil & Water Sci Dept

Agriculture and Environment

Soil & Water Sci Dept

Carbon Dioxide (CO2):

Soil & Water Sci Dept

Soil & Water Sci Dept

Nitrous Oxide (N2O):

Dr. Hussein Ragheb, Fert. and Envi.

Soil & Water Sci Dept

Dr. Hussein Ragheb, Fert. and Envi.

Soil & Water Sci Dept

Soil & Water Sci Dept

GWP = Global Warming Potential

Dr. Hussein Ragheb, Fert. and Envi.

Soil & Water Sci Dept

Dr. Hussein Ragheb, Fert. and Envi.

Soil & Water Sci Dept

Dr. Hussein Ragheb, Fert. and Envi.

Soil & Water Sci Dept

Dr. Hussein Ragheb, Fert. and Envi.

Soil & Water Sci Dept

Dr. Hussein Ragheb, Fert. and Envi.

Soil & Water Sci Dept

World Population Growth

Food, fiber, and fuel demands will continue to increase

what will the environmental impact be?

Dr. Hussein Ragheb, Fert. and Envi.