Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Principle of Radiography
Principle of Radiography
Electromagnetic radiation of certain wavelengths penetrate materials and are absorbed differentially by different materials. The emergent radiation from the job is recorded normally on a film The film after processing is called a radiograph and contains the shadow image of the discontinuities which produce differential degree of darkness on the radiograph
ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM
Gamma Rays
Natural and Artificial Radioactive elements Natural : Radium, Polonium, Uranium, Radon Artificial : Iridium 192, Cobalt 60, Cesium 137 Ytterbium 170, Thulium 169
X RAY
X rays are produced when high speed electrons hit a material target in an evacuated chamber ( 10 ^ -12 to 10^ -13 torr )
FOCAL SPOT
Parameters in X Radiography
KV Controls thickness to which can be radiographed Exposure affects the density of image in the radiographs Exposure mA * Mins
Gamma radiography
Gamma rays are produced during radioactive decay of elements
Alpha particles are He ++ Beta particles are (-) Gamma radiation is a electromagnetic radiation
Radioactive decay
Source Pencil
Co 60 Created by Neutron bombardment, capsuled pellet 1.17, 1.33 MeV Penetration 1 - 8 steel Requires thick shielding Container is bulky and handling difficult
Iridium 192 Produced by neutron bombardment 0.31, 0.47 & 0.60 MeV Capsuled pellet Easy shielded and less bulky widely used 0.25 3 inches thick steel
EXPOSURE CHART
Characteristics of sources
Isotope Half life Form Energy Practical Ci Rhm Dia, app, Cobalt60 Ir 192 5.3 yrs 75 days Co Ir
1.33,1.17 0.45
Cs 137c 30 yr CsCl
0.66
Sources 20 27 3 mm
50 60 3 mm
75 30 10 mm
Characteristics of Isotopes
Curie is a measure of disintegration of source 1 Ci = 3.7 x 10 10 disintegrations per sec In SI System it is 1 Becquerel = 1 disintegrations / sec Half Life : length of time required for the activity to decay to one half of the original value Energy is expressed as KeV or MeV Specific Activity : Ci/ gm of isotope
RADIOGRAPHIC FILM
CHARACTERISTIC CURVE
FILM PROCESSING
ASTM Penetrameters
Hole Type
Wire Type
LOCATION OF PENETRAMETERS
AWS D1.1
Sensitivity Level
Equivalent Sensitivity %
0.7 1.0 1.4
Quality Level
T of Penetrameter
1 1 2
2.0
2.8 4
2-2T
2-4T 4-2T
2
2 4
2T
4T 2T
RT Techniques
RT Techniques
Panoramic Exposure
Source Radiation
Radiation Safety
Radiation safety is ensured by
Radiation Protection Radiation monitoring
Radiation Protection
Radiation Protection is ensured by
Undertaking RT in an enclosure Maintaining safe distances Providing local temporary enclosure around the source Retaining the source in the camera when not in use
Radiation Monitoring
Ensuring that radiation intensity is within limits Thermo Luminescent Dosage (TLD) badge is used for monitoring the dosage received by the operator TLD Badges are processed every month by BARC or its authorised agency
RADIOGRAPHIC INDICATIONS
RADIOGRAPHIC INDICATIONS
SLAG INCLUSION
RADIOGRAPHIC INDICATIONS
SLAG INCLUSION
RADIOGRAPHIC INDICATIONS
CLUSTER PORES
RADIOGRAPHIC INDICATIONS
LACK OF PENETRATION
RADIOGRAPHIC INDICATIONS
PORES
RADIOGRAPHIC INDICATIONS
WORM HOLE
THANK YOU