INTRODUCTION TO

PHILOSOPHY
PHILOSOPHY – comes from the two Greek words

Philean – “love”
Sophia – “wisdom”

Etymological Definition:

PHILOSOPHY is love of wisdom

INTRODUCTION TO
PHILOSOPHY
PHILOSOPHY – is the study of causes(referring to
origin, purpose) and principles(means regulation,
law) of things by the light of the human reason(means
basis, analyze, conclude) alone.

- it questions the WHY of all things, and the WHY

of life.

LOGIC – it is a branch of philosophy and comes for

the Greek word
Logike – “thought”, “to think”
Logos – “study”
COMPONENTS OF
PHILOSOPHY
COSMOLOGY – study of heavenly bodies.
- philosophical quest for a profound
understanding of the inanimate physical being
or of the material universe.
METAPHYSICS – study of being.
- this is the philosophical exploration for
what reality is in the final analysis and the
principles of being and reality of things in
general.
AESTHETICS – study of beauty.
- this is the exploration for a profound
apprehension of knowledge of beauty, its
nature and appreciation.
COMPONENTS OF
PHILOSOPHY
RATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY – study of
rational behaviour of the soul.
- this is the philosophical inquiry on living
beings and the ultimate principles of life.

EPISTEMOLOGY – study of the validity of

human knowledge.
- this is the philosophical quest on the
principles of human knowledge, its extent and
limitations.
COMPONENTS OF
PHILOSOPHY
ETHICS/MORAL PHILOSOPHY – study of
morality of human conduct.
- this is the philosophical analysis of the
morality of human acts, the exploration for
living a good life and the ultimate foundation
of what is good and evil.
THEODICY – study of God by the light of
human reason.
- this is the philosophical inquiry into the
essence and existence of God, His nature and
His relations to man and the rest of creation
PHENOMENOLOGY
based mainly on reason.– study of that which
appears.
COMPONENTS OF
PHILOSOPHY
SOCIAL/POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY –
study of the social aspect of man or man as a
social being.

- this is the philosophical exploration on

knowledge of the human person on the
ultimate foundation of the state, its ideal
form, power and man’s place in society.
DIVISIONS OF
PHILOSOPHY
• THEORETICAL – the division of the theoretical
is into theology, metaphysics and physics.

2. MORAL – “practical” as concerned with acting, in

other words “ethical” because morals consist in
acting as well.
DIVISIONS OF
PHILOSOPHY
• MECHANICAL – means “imitative”. It concerns
things that humans produce.

4. LOGICAL – means, “having to do with speech”,

since logic treats words.
 LOGIC
LOGIC – is a science because of its systematic
approach in bringing out logical truth and valid
reasoning. It is systematic body of knowledge and
acquired truths based on observations and
argumentation.

• Science and art of correct thinking.

• Philosophical science that lays down the rules of
reasoning and provides forms and norms for the
validity and acceptability of arguments.
• Science that deals with the evaluation and validity of
conclusion.
 LOGIC

Fields of Logic: Thinking and Reasoning

Reasoning – type of mental activity wherein we

derive judgment(conclusion) from another(premise)
whose truth is known.
NATURE OF LOGIC
1. SPONTANEOUS LOGIC
• All our actions always reflect the
order put into it by the intelligence.
• Man does not act purely on instinct.
• Logical or rational order is the order
reflected in man’s actions
characterized by the operations of the
intellect(mind).
NATURE OF LOGIC
1. THE ART OF LOGIC
• Art is a personal competence to carry out some
activity like dancing, interacting, or playing
basketball.

• Thomas Aquinas: “Logic is the art that directs

the reasoning process so that man may attain
knowledge of the truth in an orderly way, with easy
and without error.

• Logic can make use of technique as a means to

re-enforce its coherence and facilitate work with
NATURE OF LOGIC
• THE SCIENCE OF LOGIC

• Logic explores the complex world of

our ideas, judgments, and reasoning
processes, insofar as these mental
operations assist us apprehend the
reality.
NATURE OF LOGIC
4. THE LIMITS OF LOGIC
Andrew Bachhuber lists down the parameters of
logic:
•Logic is a mere tool of reason.

•Extra-logical means of attaining truth – it guides our

thoughts in attaining truth wherein it has no means of
control such as in the area of experience and insight
into principles.

•Authority – logic constitutes an indirect bearing only

on the acceptance of statements on authority.
NATURE OF LOGIC
5. RELEVANCE OF STUDYING LOGIC
• It enhances our habit or norms for recognizing clear
and critical thinking.
• It demands undergoing an intellectual discipline
indispensable in the process of drawing conclusions.
• It offers substantial interpretation of facts and
perceptions.
• It harnesses us in the technique of determining
assumptions and implications.
• It equips us with tools to discover fallacious and
illogical reasoning.
• It fosters simple, clear and effective reasoning as
well as stimulating scientific and reflective thinking.
What is PHILOSOPHY?
PHILOSOPHY – is a search for meaning.
It is inquiry about:

information
knowledge
ideas
truth
life itself
What is PHILOSOPHY?
We philosophize when we:
•exchange thoughts and ideas
•value good judgement and reason
•exercise mental gymnastics
•reflect about ideas and events
•yearn for truth and right
•dialogue about our observation
•acquaint ourselves with possible
learning
•yield to more enlightenment
What is PHILOSOPHY?

Correct, Right, Valid – “in conformity with

the rules of logic.”

Science – systematic study.

FOUR KINDS OF CAUSES
1. MATERIAL – is that out of which the thing is made
of or the material composition of a thing.
- tells something about material components.

MATERIAL CAUSE
Armchair Wood and Metal
Building Cement and Stone
Computer Integrated Circuits
Ice Water
House of 3 little pigs _______________
Clothes _______________
Paper _______________
FOUR KINDS OF CAUSES
1. EFFICIENT – producer of a thing, agent or doer of
an action.
ITEM CAUSE
Dress Dressmaker
Billboard Advertiser
Cartoon Movies Animator
Clean Gown Dry Cleaner
Cobweb Spider
Building Engineer
Web Page _______________
Sofa Bed Sheet/Cover _______________
Bread _______________
FOUR KINDS OF CAUSES
3. FORMAL – is the by which the thing is or,
•external appearance of a thing
•condition of the thing
•structure and essential nature of the thing
•principle by which the thing is
Examples:
a. The principle of life is the soul. Everything that
has life has a soul. Therefore, every living thing has a
soul.
b. Our eyes are the windows of our soul. You can
peak on the feelings of a person based on the
expression of his/her eyes. Therefore, the pathway to
our feelings are through are eyes.
FOUR KINDS OF CAUSES
4. FINAL – is the specific purpose for which the thing is
intended or made-of.

ITEM FINAL CAUSE

Bulb Give light

Electricity Give energy to appliances
Tree Ventilate carbon dioxide
BS degree To educate
Telephone _____________________
Videoke/Playstation _____________________
Bus _____________________
SIGNS, SOUNDS AND
SYMBOLS
Sound – express our thoughts and feelings.
- is a sensation produced by vibrations
reaching the organs of hearing or sensation that is
heard as a tone or a noise that conveys a certain
impression and message.

Sign – is a mark representing an idea/object.

Symbol – word, phrase or a name of a thing that

symbolizes and communicates something.
- material object that often represents
something rather than the material representation.