UNIVERSITY GOCE DELCEV STIP FACULTY OF PHILOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE

MORPHOLOGY 1 Lecture 2
M.A. Snezana Kirova

SENTENCE ELEMENTS
The basic parts of a sentence fall into two categories: the subject and the predicate Sentence elements are the groups of words that combine together to comprise the building units of a well-formed sentence. There are five types of sentence elements:

subject predicate a) verb b) predicative (also called complement) c) object d) adverbial

SENTENCE SYNTAX

SUBJECT
The subject performs the action of the sentence. Three kinds of subjects:

Complete Subject The old, dusty books on the table havent been read in years. The complete subject includes the entire noun phrase usually everything before the verb. Simple Subject books. The simple subject is the main noun or pronoun stripped of all modifiers. Compound Subject The cowardly mailman and the huge, barking dog didnt get along very well. A compound subject consists of two or more subjects linked together by conjunctions. Note: the simple subject of that sentence would be mailman and dog.

PREDICATE

"Predicate" is the syntactical name marking/identifying the verb used to express the action/state of the subject. To form a complete sentence, the predicate must include a verb (a finite verb, more specifically). The form of the verb depends on whether the subject is singular or plural. It also includes objects, complements, and adverbials. The auxiliary verb in the verb phrase acts as operator of predication.
Ex.: She subject had given her boyfriend a present. auxiliary (operator) predication predicate

When the verb phrase has no auxiliary in the affirmative, do is introduced as an operator (when required). Ex.: She bought a new car yesterday. Did she buy a new car yesterday?

PREDICATE
As with subjects, predicates can be classified as complete, simple, and compound predicates. The complete predicate is the verb plus its objects, complements, and adverbial modifiers that tell what the complete subject does or is. To find the complete predicate, ask "What does the subject do?" The simple predicate is the essential verb or verb phrase that cannot be left out of the complete predicate. The compound predicate consists of two or more verbs that have the same subject and are joined by a conjunction such as "and" or "or":

I came, saw, and conquered.

OBJECT
The object is the receiver of the action in a sentence: He broke the table. Like subjects, objects can be any word or group of words functioning as a noun. The types of objects are: Direct Object The advertising executive drove a red Porsche. (What did he drive? A red Porsche.) Ods represent inanimate nouns and are called affected participants. They follow a transitive (linking) verb. Indirect Object Her secret admirer gave her a bouquet of flowers. (Who did the secret admirer give a bouquet of flowers to? Her.) Oi is usually an animate noun. It has a function of a recipient or dative participant. I have found you (Oi) a place (Od).

OBJECT
Not all verbs are followed by objects. Consider the verbs in the following sentences: The guest speaker rose from her chair to protest. After work, Randy usually jogs around the canal. Transitive and Intransitive Verbs Verbs that take objects are known as transitive verbs. Verbs not followed by objects are called intransitive verbs. Some verbs can be either transitive verbs or intransitive verbs, depending on the context: Direct Object - I hope the Senators win the next game. No Direct Object - Did we win?

COMPLEMENTS

Complements complete the predicate by modifying a noun in the sentence; linking verbs require a complement to form a complete sentence. Subject Complement The car is new. The subject complement is a noun or a noun equivalent which typically follows a linking verb and modifies the subject (Cs). Ex.: She (S) remained (V) silent (Cs). Object Complement I painted my room purple. The object complement (Co) modifies the direct object, either by describing or renaming it. Ex.: He (S) painted (V) the wall (Od) blue (Co) The role of Cs and Co is that on an attribute of the subject or object.

ADVERBIALS
An adverbial is an adverb, adverbial phrase, or

adverbial clause: any word or group of words that acts as an adverb within a sentence. They usually modify verbs, but they can also modify the whole sentence. Unlike an adverbial complement (He is in the house), an adverbial isnt needed to complete a sentence (He had lunch in the house or He had lunch).

ADVERBIALS
Adverbials can be realized in several ways: Single adverb Ex.: The policeman carefully searched the room. Adverbial phrase Ex.: He drives pretty fast. Noun phrase Ex.: He is coming next month. Prepositional phrase Ex.: He studied at a large university.

ADVERBIALS

Clauses, finite or non-finite

Ex. finite: I usually go by bus when it rains. Ex. non-finite: Seeing the large crowd, John stopped his car. Verbless clause Ex.: While in London, we will stay at a hotel.

REVIEW: THE SUBJECT

Try to determine the simple subject (disregarding any modifiers) in the following sentences.

1. His terror of spiders kept him out of the dark basement. 2. There will be three concerts in the arts centre tonight. 3. Would you willingly exchange half your intelligence for one million dollars? 4. Despite the storm's destructiveness, the ship, with its crew of amateurs, might have survived in more experienced hands. 5. After the movie, Emma and her brother bought a birthday present for their mother.

REVIEW: PREDICATE
Now, using the same sentences, identify the predicate.
1. 2. 3. 4.

5.

His terror of spiders kept him out of the dark basement. There will be three concerts in the arts centre tonight. Would you willingly exchange half your intelligence for one million dollars? Despite the storm's destructiveness, the ship, with its crew of amateurs, might have survived in more experienced hands. After the movie, Emma and her brother bought a birthday present for their mother.

Review: Parts of the Sentence

Identify the highlighted word in each of the sentences below as a simple subject, a verb, a direct object, an indirect object, or a subject complement. The old house on the hill gave Leonora chills and conjured up images of ghosts and monsters and other unknown beings. Simple Subject Verb Direct Object Indirect Object Subject Complement

Review: Parts of the Sentence

Identify the highlighted word in each of the sentences below as a simple subject, a verb, a direct object, an indirect object, or a subject complement Next to the china cabinet, Mrs. Wilkes placed a polished side table and an antique jug. Simple Subject Verb Direct Object Indirect Object Subject Complement

Review: Parts of the Sentence

Despite winning the lottery last week, my cousin still seems unhappy.

Simple Subject Verb Direct Object Indirect Object Subject Complement

Review: Parts of the Sentence

They gave the university a large endowment for the scholarship fund.

Simple Subject Verb Direct Object Indirect Object Subject Complement