communicate if they know each other’s physical address (PA) How does a router or host map an IP addr. to a PA? 2 machines with IP addresses IA and IB and physical addresses PA and PB Devise a scheme so that high level programs can only work with IP address
Dynamic Binding - ARP No hope of encoding 48 bit addr into 32 bit IP addr Use the Ethernet broadcast ability to solve the problem No central DB and new hosts can be dynamically added Host A wants to resolve IP addr IB
Addressing Very important to have multiple physical networks use the same IP network address To minimize the use of class B addresses we need to use as many class C addresses as possible
Transparent Routers A network using a class A addr can be extended through a simple trick Arrange a physical network to multiplex several host connections through a single host port See figure 10.1 on page 149 LAN does NOT have its own IP prefix
Transparent Routers Hosts attached to it are assigned addresses as if they are directly connected to the WAN Transparent router de-multiplexes datagrams that arrive from the WAN assigning them to appropriate hosts Uses a table of addresses
Proxy ARP With 2 networks A and B and 1 router R R answers ARP requests on each network for hosts on the other network It gives its PA as the addr matching PB then routes datagrams correctly “In essence, R lies about IP to physical address binding”
Subnet Addresses Subnetting most common of 3 techniques Subnetting is a required part of IP addressing Main router is interface to WAN Routes datagrams to specific internal physical networks See figure 10.3 on page 152
Subnets Example class B addr 128.10.0.0 Break internal network into several ‘independent’ class C networks 128.10.1.0 - 128.10.2.0 - 128.10.n.0 Gateway to WAN upon receiving datagram discerns which local network gets packet