PRESENT BY:

SITI NAZHIRAH BINTI YUSOF HASLINDA BINTI ROSLAN 2011833078 SHAFIEZAH BINTI ARIFFIN 2011686824 NURSYAZWANI BINTI KASIM

2011875352

2011205222

INTRODUCTION
One scientific terms for the state of pregnancy is gravidity (adjective gravid), latin for heavy and a pregnant female is sometimes referred to as a gravida.
Pregnancy- carrying of one or more offspring, known as a fetus or embryo in the womb of a woman

Pregnancy is the most nutritionally demanding time of a woman's life. Your body needs enough nutrients every day to support the growth of your baby. Pregnant women need more calories and essential nutrients than other women.

If the nourishment needed for baby's developing tissues and organs is not enough, he/she may not develop normally.

 Lots of fruit and vegetables, wholegrain breads and cereals Moderate amounts of low-fat dairy foods and lean meats Small amounts of foods high in fat, sugar and salt Lean meat, chicken and fish (make sure it is low in mercury) Dried beans and lentils Nuts and seeds Green leafy vegetables

Importance of Good Nutrition during Pregnancy

Important before, during and after pregnancy

Good control of weight, blood pressure and blood glucose increase chances of healthy, normal weight, term infant
Affects fetal and placental growth

 Affects maternal well being and maternal outcomes Not getting enough micronutrients causes low birth weight, premature birth, and other fetal problems Micronutrients include: folic acid, iron, omega-3 fatty acids, Vitamin A, calcium, Vitamin D and iodine

Discomforts of Pregnancy
Nausea/ Morning sickness Usually 1st trimester due to hormonal changes Avoid offending foods or smells Eat small, frequent meals Constipation/hemorrhoids Increase fibre and fluids Exercise Heartburn Small, frequent meals Avoid strong spices/ greasy foods

Potential hazard of pregnancy

Smoking - fatal growth retardation - low birth weight - complication at birth - sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) Drugs - can cause serious birth defects - no straight drugs, OTC drugs, or Vitamin supplements without MD consent - caution with herbal supplements Caffeine crosses the placenta fetus has limited ability to metabolize > 2 cups/ day may increase risk of spontaneous abortion Limit < 150 mg (= 1 cup coffee / day)

 Dieting - low CHO deprive brain of glucose / other nutrients - brain damage, growth retardation Aspartame (artificial sweetener) - sugar substitutes are acceptable, follow FDA guidelines

Alcohol - Fetal alcohol syndrome : brain damage, physical retardation - Malnutrition

MICRONUTRIENTS IN PREGNANCY
FOLATE

VITAMIN A IODINE

IRON

CALCIUM VITAMIN D

OMEGA-3

FOLATE
folic acid B-group vitamin found in a variety of foods requirements increase substantially in pregnancy Excellent food sources of folate include: Cabbage Cauliflower Leeks Oranges Orange juice Parsley Reduces risk of having a baby with neural tube defects Reduces the risk of premature birth Recommended amount of folic acid is 0.4 milligrams (400 micrograms) per day

IRON
developing fetus draws iron from the mother Iron losses are reduced during pregnancy amount needed depends amount of iron stored Good sources of iron: Lean red meat Green leafy vegetables Fortified breakfast cereals Reduces the risk of premature birth and low birth weight Not getting enough iron could cause anemia Essential for normal infant brain development helps create blood that is necessary for fetal demands and blood loss during delivery

OMEGA-3 FATTY ACID

Important for brain development and preventing preterm birth Essential for visual development Reduces the incidence of heart disease and heart related death of the infant Recommended 300 milligrams per day Good sources of omega-3 Fish oil capsules Certain fish such as salmon, trout, mackerel, sardines, and fresh tuna Vegetable oils such as sunflower, rapeseed, flaxseed, and walnut oils

CALCIUM AND VITAMIN D

Calcium and vitamin D are needed for strong bones and teeth Vitamin D is needed for the formation of the fetal bones Recommended 10 micrograms of Vitamin D per day Good sources of calcium & vitamin D: Milk and other dairy products Eggs Meat Certain fish such as salmon, trout, mackerel, sardines, and fresh tuna

VITAMIN A AND IODINE

Vitamin A is needed in small amounts to protect the fetus from immune system problems, blindness, infections, and death Can cause birth defects in high doses Lack of iodine could contribute to stillbirth, birth defects, and decreased brain development Iodine is important for brain development Sources of vitamin A & iodine: Seafood Seaweed Dairy product Egg and margarine

Example of menu for 1st trimester

Example of menu for 2nd trimester

Example of menu for 3rd trimester

Avoid
Cigarettes smoking (includes close person) Medicinal drugs and herbal supplements Illegal drugs Environmental contaminants Mega vitamins / minerals Dieting Sugar substitutes and caffeine Alcohol

Bad Diet Can Cause:

Premature birth Low birth weight Feeble, weak Inability to breast feed Deformed babies complications at birth Depression Babies have fewer brain cells

THANK YOU~~