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Agenda
RF Design
WCDMA Principles Design Process and main considerations
RF Optimization
Optimization Stages First Tuning Principles First Tuning Process
Tools
Some Real examples
Lessons Learnt
Agenda
RF Design
WCDMA Principles
Design Process and main considerations
RF Optimization
Optimization Stages First Tuning Principles First Tuning Process
Tools
Some Real examples
Lessons Learnt
NORTEL NETWORKS CONFIDENTIAL
WCDMA RF Characteristics
Coverage quality sensitive to traffic load. Capacity usually limited by downlink Interference.
A more detailed interference planning and capacity analysis is required Interference estimation is even more crucial in the coverage prediction phase (Cell breathing phenomenon) The whole planning process has to be done iteratively through air interface simulation as each user is influencing the others
NORTEL NETWORKS CONFIDENTIAL
Presentation Name - 4
UMTS
Capacity is not only related to the installed hardware Quality and capacity impacted by both intra-cell and inter-cell effects Interrelated process
Coverage and Capacity: find balance
Presentation Name - 5
Product Performances
BS MS
Quality of coverage
Coverage areas and associated Area reliability Type of coverage UE
BTS
NORTEL NETWORKS CONFIDENTIAL
Presentation Name - 6
BTS
Spreading Factor
SF = 32
Speech
Relative distance
Presentation Name - 7
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Presentation Name - 9
Agenda
RF Design
WCDMA Principles
RF Optimization
Optimization Stages First Tuning Principles First Tuning Process
Tools
Some Real examples
Lessons Learnt
NORTEL NETWORKS CONFIDENTIAL
This initial steps will drive the evolution of the network rollout
NORTEL NETWORKS CONFIDENTIAL
Presentation Name - 11
Simple approach(2/2)
Look for real concrete candidates for each of the nominal cell sites:
The candidate should have an average height regarding its surrounding clutter; if it is too tall it will interfere too much and Radio will be uncontrollable; if it is too low, it may not achieve the coverage objective. The candidates should be achievable; this will depend on the acquisition particularities of each region. There must be enough space in the roof to place properly the antennas, there is a significant impact of the right antenna with the right layout on the site performance. Coordination with other operators may be needed.
Validation of the site construction project would be needed. Once the site has been installed, it should be commissioned and integrated with the initial parameter settings. Pre-launch optimization phase should be started once a significant amount of sites in a cluster has been integrated
The most important steps are the ones impacting the detailed implementation of the network like candidate selection and antenna layout
NORTEL NETWORKS CONFIDENTIAL
Presentation Name - 12
Presentation Name - 13
WCDMA RF Engineering
A Clean Textbook RF Design for Coverage
Define Reverse Link Budget from QOS Margins Space Cells for Target Edge Signal Strength. Adjust heights to contain Interference Use Buildings as Interference Shields Unlimited Bldg Penetration & QOS ???
H B R D = 2R > 2B B R
WCDMA RF Engineering
Real World CDMA Cells Fragment - Close Spacing presents many conflicting challenges.
Path loss Slopes Flatter, More Patches of Overshoot Site Grid breaks up Handoff Problems Increase Longer Neighbor Lists Longer Code Search times Spectral Efficiency Loss
dBm
Slope ?
Example
Excessive x-way (x > 3) Soft-Handoff Area due to lack of dominant server Improved area by applying down-tilt and re-orienting site
Presentation Name - 17
Choose site location to create dominant server area CDMA analysis result dependant on traffic distribution
(good understanding, even, weighted)
Use GSM Traffic distribution
Pilot Ec/Io is the important threshold, not signal level Coverage & Interference control !! NORTEL NETWORKS CONFIDENTIAL Presentation Name - 18
Presentation Name - 19
Agenda
RF Design WCDMA Principles Design Process and main considerations
RF Optimization
Optimization Stages
First Tuning Principles First Tuning Process
Tools
Some Real examples Lessons Learnt
Particularities
Pre-Launch All the signal on the air is co-channel The user behavior is hard to model The traffic mix is becoming more complex The services will become more and more asymmetric
Post-Launch
NORTEL NETWORKS CONFIDENTIAL
Presentation Name - 21
Optimization Stages
Pre-launch Optimization (First Tuning)
The main objective is to prepare network launch by validating sites functionality and by performing basic network optimization through drive tests
FTP HTTP PING 1 4 7 * 2 5 8 0 3 6 9 #
1 4 7 * 1 4 7 * 2 5 8 0 3 6 9 #
2 5 8 0
3 6 9 #
1 4 7 *
2 5 8 0
3 6 9 #
1 4 7 *
2 5 8 0
3 6 9 #
1 4 7 *
2 5 8 0
3 6 9 #
OMC
Presentation Name - 22
Agenda
RF Design
WCDMA Principles Design Process and main considerations
RF Optimization
Optimization Stages
Lessons Learnt
NORTEL NETWORKS CONFIDENTIAL
handoff candidates
Aim is to minimize per-sector neighbor list length without compromising capacity, access fail and dropped call numbers
Presentation Name - 25
Frequency Planning (SFH, AFP) Reduce the co-channel & adjacent channels
interference
Minimize the signal overshoot into 2nd & 3rd server areas Optimal Neighboring lists to avoid Call dragging HO settings (Hysteresis, thresholds, etc) to avoid ping-pong Traffic load management between layers
Neighbor Planning
Optimal neighbor lists: minimal but accurate!
Capacity distinction between UL (Noise Floor) & DL (PA usage) Power Allocation Distribution
Adjust Max Power Per User to balance capacity and performance
More power per user = less capacity (All users share same PA)
Higher power per user necessary at Network borders to compensate for lack of SHO
NORTEL NETWORKS CONFIDENTIAL
Presentation Name - 27
Agenda
RF Design
WCDMA Principles Design Process and main considerations
RF Optimization
Optimization Stages First Tuning Principles
Lessons Learnt
NORTEL NETWORKS CONFIDENTIAL
Call Setup Success Percentage of calls established related to the number of attempted calls
Successful Calls Percentage of calls that could be normally established, maintained and
terminated normally
Presentation Name - 29
DIVA
Ec/Io Best SC
Equipment: Trace Mobile - Pilot scanner Applications: none Data collected: Scrambling code analysis (Ec/N0, Ec, RSSI), top-N analysis with a window at 12. Analyses: Per-PCPICH coverage; Best PCPICH coverage; 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th, 6th PCPICH coverage;
Number of PCPICH over a given Ec/N0 (12dB - RF design warranty area)
Presentation Name - 33
Process: each call is setup, hold during the time and released; mobile originating and
mobile terminating for voice; mobile originating only for data.
Applications: voice call; FTP over several RABs. Data collected: Ec/N0, UE transmitted power, DL transmitted code power, average
number of radio links.
Presentation Name - 34
Agenda
RF Design
WCDMA Principles Design Process and main considerations
RF Optimization
Optimization Stages First Tuning Principles First Tuning Process
Tools
Some Real examples
Lessons Learnt
NORTEL NETWORKS CONFIDENTIAL
Tools to be used
RF Scanner to collect the data- Initially it is necessary to perform pure RF measurements so that we can take a real picture of the coverage quality.
Agilent Viper, Anritsu, ... Diva (Nortel Propietary), ...
Test Mobile- After a basic RF coverage quality has been implemented, call processing measurements should be included to get closer to the end customer perception
Nemo, Tems, CAIT, X-CAL, ... RFO (Nortel Propietary), Actix, X-CAP
RNC Traces are very useful support for Call processing Optimization
Presentation Name - 37
Nortel is using the proprietary DIVA Agilent post-processing tool to analyze and post-process the data collected from the Agilent RF Receiver.
Source Data
Text file export from the Agilent E7476A data collection software (Top-N files in Scrambling Code Analyzer mode) containing RSSI, Ec/Io, SC, geographical coordinates, time stamp. DRF files used for Site Database, to ease the display of site information and for neighbor list tuning (Site, FDDCell, AntennaSystem, FDDNeighbouringCell DRF files)
Maps
Any geographical information readable by MapInfo (e.g, tabs and tiffs) All maps displayed against background of highways, geographic features, etc. User definable resolution for Geographic and Temporal binning of data.
Presentation Name - 38
UE active set
Number of SCs meeting given threshold criteria Add SCs that meet threshold criteria but arent in current neighbor list
N/A
A huge progress on RF Coverage Control and Neighbor List Tuning, can be done with scanner measurements (no need call processing).
NORTEL NETWORKS CONFIDENTIAL
Presentation Name - 39
Other Search Window Analysis (Active & Neighbor Set) Features Soft Handoff Statistics (by handoff type, Avg. CEs / user, Avg RF Links / user)
Quality Analysis (Markov, Voice, per rate type)
Presentation Name - 40
100 Sites Intensively RF Optimized. >150 sectors used over drive route, interference from total cluster of 300 sectors. 253 Voice or PS data calls made. 25000 Call Seconds of DCH occupancy. Call Traces collected from Network and UE Call drop rate referenced to 90 second hold time
Presentation Name - 41
Neighborlist Update Fails Causing UE not to find Neighbor SC56 and drop due to bad ec/io 50 seconds later
02:17:52.808 dlr_ UE Status: Rssi=-59.2 UeTx=-12.4 Bler1=3.96% FingSC > 57/ -12.6, 02:17:58.811 dlr_ UE Status: Rssi=-52.5 UeTx=-19.9 Bler1=1.98% FingSC > 57/ -8.1, 02:18:02.810 dlr_ UE Status: Rssi=-48.8 UeTx=-23.0 Bler1=0% FingSC > 57/ -6.3, 02:18:06.814 dlr_ UE Status: Rssi=-38.7 UeTx=-30.5 Bler1=2% FingSC > 57/ -8.1, 02:18:10.810 dlr_ UE Status: Rssi=-43.7 UeTx=-30.4 Bler1=0% FingSC > 57/ -8.5, 02:18:14.810 dlr_ UE Status: Rssi=-48.4 UeTx=-17.5 Bler1=28.71% FingSC > 57/ -14.4, 02:18:18.811 dlr_ UE Status: Rssi=-49.2 UeTx=-999.0 Bler1=97.03% FingSC > 57/ -9.2, !! CALL DROP_1 RRC=0 Symptom = Covg OK, Bad EC/NO !!Nbr Srch Fail Drop + MeasCtrlFail 02:18:19.778 dlr_ UE Status: FingSC > 02:18:20.353 idle > Bcch sfn=1033 systemInformationBlockType3 Cellid=27156 =SC 56 02:18:20.479 idle ASETUD f= 2152.2 [r56,] 02:18:20.479 idle NBR PKT [] 02:18:20.671 idle > Bcch sfn=1049 systemInformationBlockType3 Cellid=27156 =SC 56
Presentation Name - 42
Agenda
RF Design
WCDMA Principles Design Process and main considerations
RF Optimization
Optimization Stages First Tuning Principles First Tuning Process
Tools
Lessons Learnt
NORTEL NETWORKS CONFIDENTIAL
Presentation Name - 44
Presentation Name - 45
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Presentation Name - 47
Presentation Name - 48
Cluster II
# of sites = 23 # of sites (Core) = 19 # of sites (Cell Shakedown) = 21
TEAM I
HW work Orders # of Sectors with Azimuths Changes # of Sectors with Electrical Tilt # of Sectors with Mechanical Tilt
# of Sectors with Electrical Tilt # of Sectors with Mechanical Tilt
# of # of # of # of Sectors with 1 work type Sectors with 2 work type Sectors with 3 work type Sectors with 4 work type
25 26 21
29 work orders 22 work orders
23 12 7 2
Presentation Name - 50
Scanner
Ec/No Ranges (dB) -6 to 0 -8 to 6 -10 to 8 -12 to -10 -15 to 12 NORTEL NETWORKS CONFIDENTIAL -30 to -15
UE
After
before Mai-22 Mai-22 after after 58% 56% 62% 57% 61% 25% 26% 22% 25% 21% 11% 11% 10% 11% 9% 3% 3% 3% 4% 3% 1% 1% 2% 1% 1% Presentation Name - 51 0% 0% 1% 0% 1%
Scanner
UE
After
Number of cells in Active Set before Mai-22 Mai-22 After After 1 47% 47% 41% 47% 42% 2 34% 34% 34% 34% 33% 3 14% 15% 16% 14% 16% 4 4% 4% 6% 4% 7% 5 1% 1% 3% 1% 2% 6 0% 0% 1% 0% 1% 7 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% NORTEL NETWORKS CONFIDENTIAL Presentation Name - 52 9 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%
SPOT2
SPOT2
Problem: Interference; Low signal Level. Objective: Find a best server Solution: 1st Reorientation of 123A; downtilt of 231C, 23C 45 B. 2nd Remove downtilt of 123A 3rd Turn off the sector 123 A and reorientation of 45 B Obs.: MINIMIZED. The only solution is a new site for +/- 200m (micro site?)
NORTEL NETWORKS CONFIDENTIAL
Presentation Name - 53
SPOT3
SPOT3
Problem: Interference; Low signal Level. Objective: Find a best server Solution: 1st Downtilt of 67 C and 58 B. 2nd Adition of a 3rd sector in split on 120 Obs.: SOLVED
NORTEL NETWORKS CONFIDENTIAL
Presentation Name - 54
SPOT9
SPOT9
Problem: High active set size. Objective: Reduce the active set size. Solution: 1st Downtilt of 134 C and 37 C. Obs.: SOLVED.
NORTEL NETWORKS CONFIDENTIAL
Presentation Name - 55
Start
11,4 min
13,2%
Inter
22,7 min
6,2%
Final
38,4 min
2,8%
18,3%
83,2%
9,3%
91,2%
5,1%
95,1%
80,1%
70% 61,8%
93,2%
85% 83,9%
94,3%
92,3% 89,2%
Presentation Name - 56
Presentation Name - 57
Agenda
RF Design
WCDMA Principles Design Process and main considerations
RF Optimization
Optimization Stages First Tuning Principles First Tuning Process
Tools
Some Real examples
Lessons Learnt
NORTEL NETWORKS CONFIDENTIAL
35 dBm 3,5 dB 17,5 dB EiRP = CPICH power -feeder loss + antenna gain EiRP = 49 dBm
Rules Generated after several Isolation Measurements GSM 1800 60 dB of horizontal isolation
Dual Band 60 dB of horizontal isolation
chart
chart
Area 1 is forbidden Area 2 azimuths 0 to 180 Area 3 azimuths 60 to 240 Area 4 azimuths 90 to 270 Area 5 : mix decoupling area (vertical + horizontal) N.B. : The large circle represent the margin for H90 antennas; and the bold line the limit between area 2&5 for these antennas
Presentation Name - 61
Tma
Tma
Tma
Tma
Tma
Tma
Rx / Tx Rx/Tx ou Rx E ricsson RBS200 c/ duplex E ricsson RBS2202 Lucent RBS2000/6 Hybrid Lucent RBS2000/12 Hybrid
Tma
Tma
Tma
GSM 900
Rx / Tx Rx/Tx ou Rx E ricsson RBS200 c/ duplex E ricsson RBS2202 Lucent RBS2000/6 Hybrid Lucent RBS2000/12 Hybrid
Tma
Tma
Tma
GSM 900
Rx/ Tx UM TS
Rx/ Tx
Rx / Tx Rx/Tx ou Rx E ricsson RBS200 c/ duplex E ricsson RBS2202 Lucent RBS2000/6 Hybrid Lucent RBS2000/12 Hybrid
GSM 900
Rx / Tx Rx/Tx ou Rx E ricsson RBS200 c/ duplex E ricsson RBS2202 Lucent RBS2000/6 Hybrid Lucent RBS2000/12 Hybrid
GSM 900
Rx/ Tx UM TS
Rx/ Tx
Tma
Tma
Tma
Tma
Tma
Tma
Tma
Tma
Tma
Tma
Rx / Tx Rx/Tx ou Rx E ricsson RBS200 c/ duplex E ricsson RBS2202 Lucent RBS2000/6 Hybrid Lucent RBS2000/12 Hybrid
Tma
GSM 900
Tma
Tma
Tma
Rx/ Tx
Tma
Rx/ Tx
Tma
Tma
Tma
Tma
Rx / Tx Rx/Tx ou Rx E ricsson RBS200 c/ duplex E ricsson RBS2202 Lucent RBS2000/6 Hybrid Lucent RBS2000/12 Hybrid
Tma
GSM 900
Rx/ Tx
Rx/ Tx
Rx/ Tx UM TS
Rx/ Tx
Rx / Tx Rx/Tx ou Rx E ricsson RBS200 c/ duplex E ricsson RBS2202 Lucent RBS2000/6 Hybrid Lucent RBS2000/12 Hybrid
GSM 900
Rx/ Tx
Rx/Tx
Rx / Tx Rx/Tx ou Rx E ricsson RBS200 c/ duplex E ricsson RBS2202 Lucent RBS2000/6 Hybrid Lucent RBS2000/12 Hybrid
GSM 900
Rx/ Tx
Rx/Tx
Rx/ Tx UM TS
Rx/Tx
Presentation Name - 62
Importance of Site Selection a supplementary effort when Acquisition to match the objectives /
requirements even the main driver is to go for a simple design
Troubleshoot an Area A new site is not always a solution (macro & microcellular approach)
coverage...
NORTEL NETWORKS CONFIDENTIAL
Presentation Name - 63
Conclusions
The variables that influence the behavior of the system are excessive,
the number of assumptions that would need to be performed makes any study be just a guess.... The only way of finding results is reality. Nortel has successfully designed and optimized UMTS networks and is gathering real field experience to be able to drive the market requirements. WCDMA system is significantly more sensitive to interferences than GSM, it is very important to perform a good RF design and Optimization to achieve the best performance Most of the advices coming from the CDMA experience are really helping us to solve the problems we are finding on the field.
Presentation Name - 65
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