RF Engineering Leadership Nortels 8 Year of CDMA Experience For UMTS

Chang-Gang Zhang () Sept. 2003

NORTEL NETWORKS CONFIDENTIAL

Version 3.1

UMTS -- A CDMA Technology

Same Technical Characteristics Higher Bandwidth
UMTS
5MHz cdma FDD

cdma2000
1.25MHz cdma FDD 1.2288Mcps GPS 20ms QPSK()BPSK( ) IS-95 (based on voice activity) (,) 800Hz
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3.84Mcps
(GPS), 10ms QPSK()BPSK( ) GSM (based on RF condition) () 1500Hz

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3G

3G
WCDMA
16 8

CDMA2000
65 17 24%

15%

3G
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Nortel Industry Leadership in CDMA Capacity

Nortel has deployed CDMA (IS-95/CDMA2000) networks for 22 operators in 11 countries Nortel has the highest capacity in 2nd Generation CDMA technology
13k Vocoder - 13 Users/sector/carrier, 6.61 Erlangs @ 1% GOS EVRC - 24 Users/sector/carrier, 15.30 Erlangs @ 1% GOS

Nortel 1XRTT Product has the highest capacity

35 Users/Sector/carrier, 24.6 Erlangs @ 1% GOS

Benefit Nortel product development and deployment to deliver high standard UMTS network from day one

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Nortel Industry Leadership in CDMA Performance (commercial networks)

CDMA IS-95
3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 AF % CD %

KPI Improvement for CDMA 2G

2 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0

KPI Improvement for CDMA 3G Voice

CDMA2000

AF % CD %

CDMA2000 achieves 4 years IS-95 improvement in one year Demonstrate experiences gained in product design and in tuning CDMA networks Similar experiences apply to UMTS Early maturity and high performance means CSAT, revenue, lower cost
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19990803

19990805

19990807

19990809

20030804

20030806

20030808

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20020807

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20020809

20020810

20030810

20030806

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CDMA 1xRTT Market Data Performance

Customer Field Throughput measurement in loaded network closes to theory with Nortel product
Large cell cluster drive, mixed with commercial voice traffic Finite burst, SCH SHO enabled (2), under mobility (40km/h) QOSPI = 76.8kbps, physical layer throughput recorded Results correlated reasonably well with empirical models, developed as part of trial, based on available fwd power
Max Data Throughput in 1xRTT Marketing Trial Footprint
100%
Probability of Achieving Speed

Mkt Trial (Actual)

March 2002 (Actual)

90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 0 10 20 30 40 50 c

Mkt Trial (Theory)

March 2002 (Theory)

60

70

80
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90

Data Speed (kbps)

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RF Optimization
Down Link Power for Capacity CDMA capacity is down link power limited in capacity deployment Nortel has optimized early CDMA overhead power of about 40% down to less than 20% Power per traffic channel has also greatly reduced Improved Power utilization equals increased Traffic Capacity

N=
100 %

PCallBlock - (PPilot + PPage + PSync ) PLink * SPU

60 %

Traffic Power

80 %

Power Per User

40 %

20 %

Increased traffic capacity New OH Power

0%

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Old OH Power

Down Link Power Control

Fast power control is critical
Fast enough to track fading envelope in mobility environment CDMA2000 power control speed at 800Hz per second UMTS power control speed at 1500Hz per second

Nortel DL power control sync algorithm is key differentiator

Fast Forward Power Control (1xRTT) vs Slow Forward Power Control (IS95)
1.3 1.1
Forward Power (Watts)

BTS Forward Power - 1xRTT Voice

Signal level (dB)

BTS Forward Power - IS95 Voice

Slow fading Path loss

0.9 0.7 0.5 0.3 0.1

22:06:32 -0.1 22:06:36 22:06:40 Time 22:06:45 22:06:49 22:06:53

Fast fading Log (distance)

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UMTS DL Power Control

Take advantage of CDMA experience
BTS
Tx Power
Rx Power
maxTxPower pcpichPower -2 dB bchPowerRelativeToPcpich Outer-Loop pichPowerRelativeToPcpich sschPowerRelativeToPcpich pschPowerRelativeToPcpich Max P: 28 dB -1 dB
DPDCH

UE

Inner-Loop

-2 dB
-2 dB

Mobile Signal Quality Estimate

aichPowerRelativeToPcpich
sccpchPowerRelativeToPcpich P-CPICH S-CCPCH (PCH / FACH) P-CCPCH (BCH) maxDITxPower DPDCH + po1ForTfciBits + po2ForTpcBits + po3ForPilotBits AICH DPDCH_TxPower = Old TxPower + dlTpcStepSize * TPC_cmd + Pbalancing minDITxPower Pini_ DPDCH = pcpichPower + initialDIEcnoTarget - CPICH Ec/No DPCCH (DCH) DPDCH (DCH)

=? dlBlerQuality

=? Quality Target New Quality Target

P-SCH S-SCH

PICH

1 BlerQualety per transport channel

Time multiplexed TPC_cmd ? TPC = 0 => TPC_cmd = -1 TPC = 1 => TPC_cmd = 1

TPC = 0 / 1 send on UL DPCCH NORTEL NETWORKS CONFIDENTIAL

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MCTA for Multi Carrier Resource Pooling?

Nortel developed and implemented MCTA algorithm for multi carrier resource pooling Support up to 9 carrier allocation Support carrier allocation across different frequency band Manage resources for both voice and data Increase trunking efficiency for high capacity
8%-12% capacity gain just for 2 carrier pooling
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PCS Band
F1

F2

F3

F7 F7 F7

F8 F8

F9 F9

Cellular Band

iMCTA for UMTS Traffic Management

Similar algorithm applied to UMTS Support up to 4 frequencies with load threshold and priority Select highest priority first, in case of same priority, select the lowest loaded
GSM could be the last resort if all WCDMA carriers are overloaded
GSM

F2
Copyright 1996 Northern Telecom

F1
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RF Optimization
Handoff Control
Soft handoff enhances link robust but cost resources Soft handoff critical for data services Nortel Soft handoff control algorithm helps save radio resources

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Soft Handoff Gain Benefits

Soft handover gain is manifested in a lower average mobile transmit power Soft handover is an important tool to extend cell coverage Soft handover in transition zones must be carefully planned
Reliability
1 0.9 0.8

Single Server Two Servers (50% correlation) Two Servers (0% correlation) SHO Gain @ 90% Rel.

0.6

0.4

0.2

0 20 15 10 5 0 5 10 15 20

Log(Signal Power)

Soft HO extends coverage, reduce cell count

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Required link margin for two servers @ 90% reliability

Required link margin for one server @ 90% reliability

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Nortel Soft Handoff Reduction

Capacity Gain up to 27% from field measurement
Capacity Gain Achieved Mobile Type SHORA 27% IS95-B (Slope = 1.75) 19%

Similar performance expected in UMTS system

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Hard Handoff Compressed Mode vs Blind Mode

Compress Mode
Transmission gaps provided for UE to retune and search inter frequency handoff candidates UE transmits at x2 Rate immediately before and after gap using secondary spreading codes (non orthogonal) Other options include reduced interleaving on primary code.

Interleaved sequences required to search GSM RSSI and BSIC

Blind Mode
Handoff is triggered based on static pre-configured information No measurement is performed

Target cell is pre-selected based on engineering experience

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Compress Mode Capacity Impact

Capacity decreases in larger clusters Tolerable if UMTS deployed initially in small clusters with low traffic expectations Blind Hard Handoff to alternate carrier should be considered Based on simulations
RSSI CM Measurement Trigger (dBm) GSM Border Handoff Thresh (dBm) % Users in Compressed Mode % PA Power on Secondary Codes Carried Voice Traffic (Erlangs) % Erlang Capacity -95 0 0 42 100.0% -90 -95 5.1 17.5 32 74.4% -85 -95 11.8 33 23 53.5%

RSSI trigger level has a huge impact on the applicability of Compressed Mode, it is not the best compromise to guarantee handoff reliability
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Nortel Multi Pilot Hard Handoff in CDMA

Multi Pilot Hard Handoff greatly improves hard handoff robustness
Multi carrier overlay creates carrier boundary Hard handoff takes place at carrier boundary Single target hard handoff experiences higher failure rate Multi pilots provide multiple handoff targets Mobile enters soft handoff immediately after hard handoff Greatly increase hard handoff success rate Transitio n Cell RTD threshold boundary

F2

In-traffic Hard Handoff

F1

F1

MPHHO functionality

Know how to implement blind handoff effectively in UMTS without major impact on capacity !!
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Data Optimization Experience

Multiple Protocol Layers and Network Nodes Involved
Lower layer optimization same as voice
Interference control Power control Handoff control IP PPP HDLC RLP MUX RS232 RS232 IS2000 IS2000 ACN BCN T1 Client MT BTS RLP MUX ACN BCN RS422 L2TP UDP IP Enet 10BT L2TP UDP IP L2 L1 PDSN Server L1 L1 L2 L2 IP App App

TCP
IP PPP HDLC

TCP
IP

BSC

R-P

Pi

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Similar UMTS Protocol Layers

Beneficial from CDMA data experience

Access Network
Application TCP/UDP IP PDCP PDCP

Core Network
Application TCP/UDP IP Iu PS UP GTP-U UDP IP AAL5 ATM Iu PS L1 Iu PS

Iu PS UP
GTP-U UDP IP AAL5 ATM Iu PS L1

GTP-U UDP IP L2 L1

GTP-U UDP IP L2 L1

RLC
MAC W-CDMA RF W-CDMA RF Frame Protocol AAL2 ATM Iub L1 Uu Iub

RLC
MAC Frame Protocol AAL2 ATM Iub L1

Gn

SRNC BTS UE
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SGSN

GGSN

Data Optimization Experience

IP Tunneling Considerations
Tunnel Source MTU=1500 A MTU=1500 MTU=1500 Tunnel Dest MTU=1500 B

IP fragmentation and PMTUD issues have become more common with the use of IP tunnels
IP in IP, GRE, IPSec (tunnel mode), L2TP, etc. Encapsulation at the source end of the tunnel increases the packet size and reduces the effective MTU Host A sends a 1500-byte IP datagram to Host B When the packet reaches the tunnel source IPSec encrypts the packet and adds 56 bytes of overhead The 1556-byte IPSec packet must be fragmented before it can be sent over the nexthop link (with MTU of 1500) From the perspective of Host A the path MTU is really 1500 56 = 1444 bytes

Suppose the above tunnel is IPSec ESP

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Data Optimization Experience

Throughput on TCP Parameters

Increasing RTO value may significantly increase TCP throughput

Re-sent segments from previous burst

Single burst

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Data Optimization Experience

PCU Buffer, RLP Buffer Threshold

Balance delay, RF resources and throughput

Trash

PDSN

DCR Q

MaxSecondsToBufferCall
FwdBuffHigh FwdBuffLow

DCR Q Buffer Size

FLOW Control

RLP Q

BufferThreshold_R4 BufferThreshold_R3 BufferThreshold_R2 BufferThreshold_R1 BufferThreshold_Release

Data rate
Nortel is Experienced in optimizing performance of Data Network
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RRM Design and Engineering

RRM Parameters Aggressive RRM in handling the resource allocation for voice and data is critical to achieve high
Capacity Service availability Quality
100% Max. Power line

CEM

GPSAM TRM

CEM

CEM

CCM (0)

TRM

CEM

TRM

Data Power (% of max. power)

Td=40% 20% Voice and Data both guaranteed Voice is guaranteed at least 60%, data at least 20% Voice Power (% of max. power)

60% Tv=80% 100%

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RRM Design and Engineering

Bandwidth availability with optimized RRM Parameters in CDMA
35 30 25
%

20 15 10 5 0
9.6kbps 19.2kbps 38.4kbps 76.8kbps 153.6kbps

BW Request BW Granted

With good RRM algorithm and optimized parameters, customers will get desired bandwidth as they need it CSAT, Revenue Nortel is delivering this performance !!!
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UMTS RRM Design

Take advantage of CDMA RRM experiences better bandwidth management performance

Managed QoS, Higher Capacity, Differentiation NORTEL NETWORKS CONFIDENTIAL

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Nortel in-House Optimization Tool

Big contributor to achieve high capacity & performances

Test UE interfaced to: - Agilent Viper - Qualcomm QXDM

IU Protocol Analyzer (Optional) RNC Call Trace Logs

OAM

Mobile logs

Site Configuration & Nortel Specific Datafill

RFO Analysis Engine

Manual Datafill modifications Using Nortel OCAN

Similar tool developed for UMTS optimization !!

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Summary
Any technology/network take time and money to reach optimum operation > speed to achieve is critical !!
Nortel has accumulated 8+ years CDMA experiences
Great asset absorbed in our UMTS product design and development Know-how in tweaking key performance parameters, design proprietary algorithms, develop optimization tools Best trade off among performance, capacity & resource utilization High performance and lower maintenance Low added equipment investment and opex

Nortel has the ability and strength to design, build and optimize UMTS network better and faster than anyone else; the performances of the CDMA network built by Nortel speaks for itself !!

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