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Overview
Formation: Reservoir quality Fluid: Oil, Gas or Water? Borehole: Environmental factors
Formation Properties
Radioactivity Porosity Grain density Pore Size Stratigraphy Bedding, Dip Sonic Velocity Seismic Velocity
Fluid Properties
Salinity (Resistivity) Density Saturation Pressure Temperature Viscosity Mobility Bubble Point
Borehole Properties
Depth Caliper Spontaneous Potential Temperature Cable Tension Deviation, Azimuth
Basic Resistivity
Resistivity (Ohms) = Voltage / Current Archies Equation:
(a/porositym x Rw / Rt)1/n
Formation Resistivity
Rmc Rxo
Rs Rt Rw Sw
Rmf Sxo
Di
Mud Invasion
Resistivity Logging
Electrode type tools (resistivity)
Laterolog Micro Speherically Focused (MSFL)
Conductivity = 1/Resistivity
electrodes. Measure voltage between two intermediate electrodes. Force current to flow in zone of interest by using bucking currents. Do not work in non conductive muds such as OBM. Can give extremely high resolution and depth of investigation.
Laterolog Principle
Bucking Currents
MSFL Principle
MSFL Tool
Pad based tool, similar to density. Pad is kept in contact by a caliper. Pad uses a spherical pattern of bucking
currents to focus measure current. Can be affected by hole rugosity. Pad is rubber and can be damaged.
Induction Principles
SP Physics
Spontaneous Potential
One of the first wireline measurements. Can be used to identify sand, shale, Vcl Can be used to derive Rw Based on the contrast between Rmf and Rw. Chlorine ions are more mobile than Sodium (NaCl) and migrate from the lower resistivity zone to the higher. This creates a polarisation.
SP Operational Limitations
Only works in conductive muds. If Rmf > Rw looks similar to GR. In opposite case polarity is reversed. Requires a downhole electrode (laterolog
bridle) and surface electode. Can be compromised by electrical noise (welding etc) or magnetised cable drums.
SP Log
Resistivity Test 1
1. Which three of the following are normally measured in
2. 3. 4.
the invaded zone: Rw, Sxo, Rxo, Rt, Rmf, Sw? In a fresh mud system where Rmf>Rw the deep resistivity would normally be (HIGHER/LOWER) than the shallow? What is the definition of conductivity? Name the tool types that are normally referred to as electrode type tools. On electrode type tools why do we not normally measure voltage at the same electrodes as the current flows to/from?
5.
Resistivity Test 2
6. How to we focus the current to flow in the
zone of interest? 7. On a laterolog tool where do the shallow and deep currents flow to? 8. Why does a laterolog use an insulated bridle? 9. What other tool is normally run in combination? 10.Which of the following tools has a built in caliper? (Array Induction, Dual Laterolog, MSFL, Dual Induction)
Resistivity Test 3
11. Name two factors that can affect the MSFL reading. 12. Why does the formation signal for an induction tool 13.
14.
not get swamped by the direct signal from the transmitter coil? Induction tools work best in which mud type (Saline/Non Conductive). Laterolog type tools work best in which mud type (Saline/Non Conductive). MSFL type tools work best in which mud type (Saline/Non Conductive).
15.
Resistivity Test 4
16. SP is an acronym for what borehole property? 17. The SP measures a voltage or a current? 18. The SP system uses 2 electrodes where are
they located. 19. If the SP deflects in the same direction as the GR is Rmf greater or less than Rw? 20. Name two causes of bad SP logs.