How things were before:

divine-right rule a strict class system belief in heavenly reward for earthly suffering

During Enlightenment (Age of Reason):

everything before was unscientific and irrational.

Of course not everyone was happy, so there were censorships, which restricted access to ideas and

HOW HOW DID DID ENLIGHTENMENT ENLIGHTENMENT IDEAS IDEAS SPREAD? SPREAD?

2. A Parisian Salon
Madame Geoffrins Salon

3. Diderots Encyclopdie

4. Courts of Europe

During Enlightenment, art evolved to meet changing tastes.

The Dead Christ Mourned Annibale Carracci, 1603

The Last Supper Leonardo da Vinci, 1498

The Virgin Appearing to St. Hyacinthe Lodovico Carracci 1594

The Elevation of the Cross by Peter Paul Reubens 1610-11

David and Goliath by Caravaggio

A Baroque Room

Rococo

The Pleasures of Life Jean-Antoine Watteau, 1718

La Toilette Franois Boucher, 1742

The Marquis de Pompadour Franois Boucher 1756

The Swing Jean Honor Fragonard 1766

Portrait of a Lady in Blue Thomas Gainsborough Late 1770s

A Rococo Room

Johann Sabastian Bach German Religious music for choirs and organ

George Frederic Handel - German Wrote for King George I

Franz Joseph Haydn Developed forms for string quartet and symphony

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart Child prodigy Died in poverty at 35 sample

Literacy
80% for men; 60 % women were

literate

Books were expensive (one days

wages).

Many readers for each book (20 : 1) Novels became popular

An Increase in Reading
Must Read Books of the Time Isaac Newton Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy (1687) Essay Concerning Human Understanding (1690) Two Treatises of Civil Government (1690) Voltaire Montesquieu Jean-Jacques Rousseau Denis Diderot & Jean dAlembert Condorcet Philosophical Letters (1734) The Spirit of Laws (1748) The Social Contract (1762) Encyclopedia (175181) Sketch for a Historical Picture of the Progress of the Human Mind (1795)

John Locke

Enlightened despots accepted the new ideas of the Enlightenment and used their powers to bring about political and social reforms.

Frederick the Great of Prussia (ruled 1740-1786)

More efficient Prussian govt Reduced the use of torture

and allowed for free press.

Allowed religious

differences.

Catherine the Great of Russia (ruled 17621796)

Reformed Russian law & govt.

Abolished torture

and established religious tolerance.

Criticized

Joseph II of Austria (ruled 1765-1790)

Worked to improve

peasant lives.

Religious equality. Abolished serfdom