Separating and identifying substances

Solvent Extraction
Partial removal of a solute (usually organic/covalent compound) from aq solution by using an organic solvent.

Partition coefficient,P (1)

When solute A is added to a pair of immiscible liquid, the solute will distribute itself between the 2 liquids so that its concentrations in the 2 liquids are in a constant ratio at a constant temperature. This constant ratio of concentration is known as partition coefficient, P.

(2)
P is constant provided: 1. T is constant 2. 2 liquids are immiscible and do not react with each other 3. Solute is in the same state in both liquids 4. Solute do not react, associate or dissociate in the liquid

(3)
P can be determined by shaking the solute with a pair of immiscible liquid in a separating funnel.

Solvent extraction

Solvent extraction
Experimental: 1. shaking the mixture thoroughly until equilibrium is reached. 2. keeping the temperature constant 3. allowing the two layers to separate, the less dense floating on the more dense solution 4 withdrawing a known volume from one of the layer (usually aqueous layer) and titrating with a suitable standard solution

Successive extraction
It is more efficient to use solvent in portions for repeated extraction than use it all for one operation.

Ether as solvent
Ether is commonly use because: 1. Immiscible with water 2. Low boiling point/volatile

 Explain in a few sentences how the continuous extraction apparatus works.

 Solvent extraction is used to extract perfumes and pharmaceutical precursors from plants, and in the analysis of insecticide residues and other pollutants in drinking water supplies, blood and milk.