The Efficient Markets Hypothesis

Ranpreet Kaur

Definition of Efficient Markets

An efficient capital market is a market that is efficient in processing information. Talking about an informationally efficient market, as opposed to a transactionally efficient market. In other words, mean that the market quickly and correctly adjusts to new information. In an informationally efficient market, the prices of securities observed at any time are based on correct evaluation of all information available at that time. Therefore, in an efficient market, prices immediately and fully reflect available information.

Definition of Efficient Markets (cont.)

"In an efficient market, competition among the many intelligent participants leads to a situation where, at any point in time, actual prices of individual securities already reflect the effects of information based both on events that have already occurred and on events which, as of now, the market expects to take place in the future. In other words, in an efficient market at any point in time the actual price of a security will be a good estimate of its intrinsic value."

History

Prior to the 1950s it was generally believed that the use of fundamental or technical approaches could beat the market. In the 1950s and 1960s studies began to provide evidence against this view. In particular, researchers found that stock price changes (not prices themselves) followed a random walk. They also found that stock prices reacted to new information almost instantly, not gradually as had been believed. Efficient-market hypothesis (EMH) asserts that financial markets are "informationally efficient".

The Efficient Markets Hypothesis

The Efficient Markets Hypothesis (EMH) is made up of three progressively stronger forms:

Weak Form Semi-strong Form Strong Form

Explanation

Weak EMH claims that prices on traded assets (e.g., stocks, bonds, or property) already reflect all past publicly available information. Semi-strong EMH claims both that prices reflect all publicly available information and that prices instantly change to reflect new public information. Strong EMH additionally claims that prices instantly reflect even hidden or "insider" information. There is evidence for and against the weak and semi-strong EMHs, while there is powerful evidence against strong EMH.

Weak-form efficiency

In weak-form efficiency, future prices cannot be predicted by analyzing prices from the past. Excess returns cannot be earned in the long run by using investment strategies based on historical share prices or other historical data. Technical analysis techniques will not be able to consistently produce excess returns, though some forms of fundamental analysis may still provide excess returns. Share prices exhibit no serial dependencies, meaning that there are no "patterns" to asset prices. This implies that future price movements are determined entirely by information not contained in the price series. Hence, prices must follow a random walk. This 'soft' EMH does not require that prices remain at or near equilibrium, but only that market participants not be able to systematically profit from market 'inefficiencies'.

The Weak Form

The weak form of the EMH says that past prices, volume, and other market statistics provide no information that can be used to predict future prices. If stock price changes are random, then past prices cannot be used to forecast future prices. Price changes should be random because it is information that drives these changes, and information arrives randomly. Prices should change very quickly and to the correct level when new information arrives . This form of the EMH, if correct, repudiates technical analysis. Most research supports the notion that the markets are weak form efficient.

semi-strong-form efficiency

In semi-strong-form efficiency, it is implied that share prices adjust to publicly available new information very rapidly and in an unbiased fashion, such that no excess returns can be earned by trading on that information. Semi-strong-form efficiency implies that neither fundamental analysis nor technical analysis techniques will be able to reliably produce excess returns. To test for semi-strong-form efficiency, the adjustments to previously unknown news must be of a reasonable size and must be instantaneous. To test for this, consistent upward or downward adjustments after the initial change must be looked for. If there are any such adjustments it would suggest that investors had interpreted the information in a biased fashion and hence in an inefficient manner.

Strong-form efficiency

In strong-form efficiency, share prices reflect all information, public and private, and no one can earn excess returns. If there are legal barriers to private information becoming public, as with insider trading laws, strong-form efficiency is impossible, except in the case where the laws are universally ignored. To test for strong-form efficiency, a market needs to exist where investors cannot consistently earn excess returns over a long period of time. Even if some money managers are consistently observed to beat the market, no refutation even of strong-form efficiency follows: with hundreds of thousands of fund managers worldwide, even a normal distribution of returns (as efficiency predicts) should be expected to produce a few dozen "star" performers.

The EMH Graphically

All historical prices and returns

In this diagram, the circles represent the amount of information that each form of the EMH includes. Note that the weak form covers the least amount of information, and the strong form covers all information. Also note that each successive form includes the previous ones.

Strong Form Semi-Strong

Weak Form

All information, public and private

All public information

Limitations

However, while EMH predicts that all price movement (in the absence of change in fundamental information) is random (i.e., non-trending), many studies have shown a marked tendency for the stock markets to trend over time periods of weeks or longer and that,
moreover, there is a positive correlation between degree of trending and length of time period studied (but note that over long time periods). Various explanations for such large and apparently non-random price movements have been promulgated.

Price Adjustment with New Information

At 10AM EST, the U.S. Supreme Court refused to hear an appeal from MSFT regarding its anti-trust case. The stock immediately dropped. This example, one of hundreds available every day, illustrates that prices adjust extremely rapidly to new information. But, did the price adjust correctly? Only time will tell, but it does seem that over the next hour the market is searching for the correct level.

Notes: Each bar represents high, low, and close for one-minute. Each solid gridline represents the top of an hour, and each dotted gridline represents a half-hour.

Criticism

Investors and researchers have disputed the efficientmarket hypothesis both empirically and theoretically.
Behavioral economists attribute the imperfections in financial markets to a combination of cognitive biases such as overconfidence, overreaction, representative bias, information bias, and various other predictable human errors in reasoning and information processing.

Tests of the Weak Form

Serial correlations. Runs tests. Filter rules. Returns over long Horizons.