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Biomass

1. MUHAMMAD ISA BIN RAHMAN (55201209381) 2. MOHD KHAIRUL AZRAN AZAINI BIN ABD RAHIM (55203209395) 3. NURZAN JEFRY (55201209377) 4. MUHAMMAD HAFIZ BIN SAHRUM (55201209237)

INTRODUCTION
All organic matter is known as biomass the energy released from biomass when it is eaten, burnt or converted into fuels is called biomass energy. Biomass energy technologies produce an array of products including electricity, liquid, solid and gaseous fuels, heat and chemicals. Biomass and waste are the only renewable forms of energy that compete directly with fossil fuels because they are both solid fuels and they share similar conversion processes.

BIOGAS
Biogas is the product of organic material decomposition, composed mainly of methane and carbon dioxide. Biogas is produced in large quantities in landfill sites, and it has potential as a fuel to generate electricity or to provide process heat.

SOLID BIO-FUEL
Solid bio fuels are solid RES from living organism. They are to be distinguished from solid fossil fuels which are also of biological origin but non-renewable. Solid bio-fuels include wood, straw energy crops and organic wastes

LIQUID BIO-FUELS
Liquid biofuel are liquid RES converted from organic material. Liquid biofuels are transport fuels, primarily bio-diesel bio-ethanol ethyl tertiary butyl ether (ETBE), which are processed from agricultural crops and other renewable feed stock. Other liquid bio fuel are bio methanol methyl tertiary butyl ether (mtbe) and bio oil or pyrolysis oil. This two alcohols can be prepared form agricultural residues, wood and industrial waste.

ENERGY CROPS
Selected plants cultivated to provide biomass that can be used as a fuel or be converted into other fuels, or energy products.

TECHNOLOGY BIOMASS CONVERSION


Thermal conversion
Gasification Pyrolysis Combustion

GASIFICATION
a process of converting organic materials into carbon monoxide (CO), hydrogen (H), carbon dioxide (CO2), and methane (CH4) through really high temperatures. converts organic or fossil based carbonaceous materials into carbon monoxide, hydrogen and carbon dioxide. Produced syngas, that mainly consists of carbon monoxide and hydrogen.

GASIFIER (GASIFICATION)
In a gasifier, the carbonaceous material undergoes several different processes :
1. Dehydration or drying process occurs at around 100C. 2. Pyrolysis process occurs at around 200-300C. 3. Combustion process occurs as the volatile products and some of the char reacts with oxygen to primarily form carbon dioxide and small amounts of carbon monoxide, which provides heat for the subsequent gasification reactions. 4. The gasification process occurs as the char reacts with carbon and steam to produce carbon monoxide and hydrogen, via the reaction

PYROLYSIS
Pyrolysis is a thermochemical decomposition of organic material at elevated temperatures without the participation of oxygen.

COMBUSTION

Mechanism
Complex process consecutive heterogeneous and homogeneous. Involved:
Devolatilization (pyrolysis) Gasification Char combustion Gas-phase oxidation

Solid fuel combustion


Only fuel gases burn and release heat. Liquid or solid dont burn themselves Liquid or solid consume heat in drying and volatilization process to be chemically converted into fuel gas Main fuel intermediate
Volatile hydrocarbon Energy rich organic molecules Carbon monoxide Hydrogen

Mechanism
High temperature heat flux applied. reacting the material at high temperatures without combustion, with a controlled amount of oxygen and/or steam. Oxidizing agent by oxygen, carbon dioxide and water vapor To convert carbon and hydrogen to fuel intermediate

Mechanism
Convert biomass into
Gases Volatile liquid Carbon rich solid (char)

Phases of wood combustion I. Heating and drying II. Thermal decomposition III. Volatile matter combustion IV. Char combustion

Biomass Energy In Malaysia


Malaysia has abundant biomass waste resources coming mainly from its palm oil, wood and agro-industries. A total of about 665 MW capacity can be expected if the estimated overall potential of about 20.8 million tons of biomass residues. Biomass fuels currently account for about 16% of the energy consumption in the country.

Pros Theoretically source inexhaustible

Cons fuel An expensive source

When direct combustion of plant Land used for energy crops maybe in mass is not used to generate energy demand for other purposes Growing Biomass crops produce Additional work is needed in areas oxygen and use up carbon dioxide such as harvesting methods Biomass energy is carbon cycle Initial costs are high compared with neutral traditional gas or oil installations Available throughout the world Fuel needs to be kept dry if they are to burn cleanly and efficiently

The use of waste materials reduce Could contribute a great deal to landfill disposal and makes more global warming and particulate space for everything else pollution if directly burned

Conclusion
i. Biomass is one of the renewable energy sources that is capable of making a large contribution to the worlds future energy supply. Land availability for biomass production should not be a bottleneck. Land surfaces of 400-700 million hectares were used for biomass production for energy about halfway the next century. Making use of huge areas of unproductive degraded lands. Latin America, Africa, Asia and to a lesser extent Eastern Europe and North America represent a large potential for biomass production.

ii. iii.

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