BEHAVIOUR AND DESIGN OF THE HIGH MULTI-STOREY STRUCTURES TO WIND ACTION

PART 2

INWIND LAMINAR COMPONENT OF THE FLOW

The lack of symmetry of the wind pressure lines induced by the layers that form vortices and detach from the surface of the bluff body generate alternant transversal forces that lift this body.
Bluff body a three dimensional body without the characteristic shape of an aerodynamic form that is supposed to lift from ground, having sharp edges that model the fluid flow around it

Detaching layers in the wake flow of a bluff body

The process repeats itself and the frequency of the detaching phenomenon depends on Strouhal number, S, defined by :

For cylindrical bodies the number varies with Re number; in the domain of 4x105<Re<3x106 the layers detach in random manner and in the separation layer close to a cylinder the flow becomes turbulent from laminar. Outside this domain of variation the vortices formation is regular producing a periodical lifting movement.

EFFECTS OF THE WIND FLUCTUATIONS

Viscosity plays a governing role in the fluid movement. They manifest in two distinct ways: - Laminar , in parallel layers; - Turbulent in violent momentum movement inside the fluid flow. Both movement are influenced by the relative velocities and viscous forces. For small speeds, the viscous forces are sufficiently high as to maintain the flow in parallel layers, that is laminar. Number Re is the one that influence one or the other way of movement inside the fluid mass. Spectral density of the fluctuating component of dragging force fD(t) is obtained from Fourrier transformation of the correlation function:
Su(n) Spectral density of the wind speed turbulence

In practice, the presence of a structure influences the turbulence, mostly for the small vortices. In order to consider these effects a correction factor is used known as the aerodynamic admittance function (n), whose value is determined empirically:
A- frontal area of the building

The former relationship is now:

EFFECTS OF WIND FLUCTUATIONS

When wind is turbulent the speed inwind is described by :
mean wind speed; u (t) fluctuating component

The force acting on the unit high is obtained from the previous equations and replacing U(t) in them we shall have:

INWIND RESPONSE TO WIND ACTION

High and slender buildings may be modeled sufficiently accurate as a cantilever. If the structure is modeled with continuous masses distribution the equation of displacement to inwind movement may be written:

Derivatives with respect to time interval: x(z)dx/dt, x(z)d2x/dt2 Equations of the Neutral Axis of the member in bending in the presence of shear f(z,t) fluctuating component; m - mass; c - damping; EI, GA stiffness to bending and to shear on unit length

Components of structural response: Non-resonant ( B); Resonant (D)

RESPONSE OF THE BUILDING PERPENDICULAR TO THE WIND DIRECTION

This response is even more important than the inwind response because of the vibrations of the structure perpendicular to principal direction: - oscillations due to turbulence (reduced effects); - effects of the detaching layers; - Self induced oscillations (the frequency of the vortices couples to the frequency of the movement of the building giving resonance - Resonance must be avoided through control on the eigenvalues of the building itself. - A displacement at the top of the building under critical standard deviation of these displacements will prevent from resonance

Width of the strip on the height of the building where the energy is concentrated depend on the geometry of the building and on the model of the flow. When the model is a cantilever the horizontal translation y(z,t) may be expressed depending on the normal coordinates ri(t):

where: i(z) the mode of vibration I in transversal direction; N number of modes considered. Generalized movement equation of the building expressed in terms of generalized mass, damping and stiffness has the following form:

and:

Spectral density of every coordinate is determined as it follows:

Hi(n)- mechanical admittance function; Sfi power spectral density of the transversal generalized force

Variance of the normal coordinate ri is given by:

Finally the variance of the transversal displacement is given by : In the last relationship the contribution of the non-resonant movement is neglected and in terms of the standard deviation of the response of the building the following relationship is obtained: