Solar Photo Voltaic Cell

CENTRAL ELECTRONICS LIMITED SAHIBABAD (U.P.) INDIA

PRESENTED TO: Mr. Lalit Sangwam Mr. Manish FROM: GANDHARAV KATYAL ECE ,SEC-A (1003231030)
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CONTENTS
INTODUCTION. SOLAR CELL MANUFACTURING

TECHNOLOGY. ALL PROCESSES AND PROCEDURES. ADVANTGES OF SOLAR TECHNOLOGY. APPLICATIONS.

Introduction
SOLAR CELLS
A typical silicon PV cell is composed of a thin wafer consisting of an ultra-thin layer of phosphorus-doped (N-type) silicon on top of a thicker layer of boron-doped (P-type) silicon. An electrical field is created near the top surface of the cell where these two materials are in contact, called the P-N junction. When sunlight strikes the surface of a PV cell, this electrical field provides momentum and direction to light-stimulated electrons, resulting in a flow of current when the solar cell is connected to an electrical load

Physics of Photovoltaic Generation

n-type semiconductor + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Depletion Zone p-type semiconductor

Silicon Crystalline Technology

Mono crystalline PV Cells
Made

Multi Crystalline PV Cells

Caste

using saw-cut from single cylindrical crystal of Si

Operating

from ingot of melted and recrystallised silicon

Cell

efficiency up to 15%

efficiency ~12%

Accounts

for 90% of crystalline Si market

PV MODULE PARAMETERS

00

WAFER FORMATION

SILICON CRYSTAL

Silicon Ingots & Wafers

PROCESSES INVOLVED IN MANUFACTURING

Polishing To ensure that wafer surface is free from any cut mark. Anti reflection layer
One or more layers reduction from 30-35% to 5%-10% Mainly 600nm transmission Silicon nitride or transparent layers, e.g. SiO2; TiO2; Ta2O5 ITO can be used as anti reflection layer and at the same time as a transparent contact Double anti reflection layers ZnS or MgF2

Texturing (light trapping)

Use NaOH, KOH in etching baths The etching works anisotropic 2m - 10m big pyramids on (100) oriented crystall planes

Diffusion
30.09.2013

New Generation Silicon Solar Cells

Examples of light trapping

advantages: At least second reflection The effective absorption length of the silicon layer will be reduced the light way through the layer increases The area of the surface becomes bigger Total reflection on the inside of the front layer possible Reflection can be reduced about 9/10 of the former reflection
New Generation Silicon Solar Cells 30.09.2013

Phosphorous glass cleaning. Post diffusion cleaning(Edge isolation). Oxide Passivation. Front Metal Print(N side contact). Back Metal Print( P side contact Ag-Al). Back Metal (AL) Contact. Firing and Sintering. Testing.

Screen Print Rear Aluminium

The rear is printed in two parts. A thick layer of aluminium paste covers most of the cell and provides a back surface field (BSF). Silver strips are also printed on the cell for later soldering to the interconnect metal tabs Creates ohmic contact between Al and Si

Manufacturing of Solar Cells

1. As-cut wafer. 2. Polishing. 3. Textured. 4. Diffused. 5. Edge isolated. 6. AR coated. 7. Front -Ag coated. 8. Back pad printed 9. Back Al printed 10.Solar cell.

How Solar Cells Work

1. Photons in sunlight hit the solar panel and are absorbed by semiconducting materials, such as silicon. 2. Electrons (negatively charged) are knocked loose from their atoms, allowing them to flow through the material to produce electricity.

3. An array of solar cells converts solar energy into a usable amount of direct current (DC) electricity.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Silicon_Solar_cell_structure_and_mechanism.svg

Silicon Solar Cell

Solar cell characteristics

Maximum power point (MMP) depends on: Temperature Irradiance Solar cell characteristics Wilson s. 209

Fill factor Efficency coefficent

Performance of solar cell

New Generation Silicon Solar Cells 30.09.2013

I-V Characteristics

5 4
Current (A)

3 2
1

0 0 -1 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7

Voltage (V)

TESTNG MACHINE

MODULE FORMATION

PV MODULES

MACHINES USED

COMPLETE PLANT VEIW

Solar PV Systems
Cells are the building block of PV systems
Typically generate 1.5 - 3 watts of power

Modules or panels are made up of multiple cells Arrays are made up of multiple modules
A typical array costs about $5 $6/watt

Still need lots of other components to make this work Typical systems cost about $8/watt

ADVANTAGES OF SPV

POLLUTION FREE NO FOSSIL FUEL USED NO FUEL COST NOISE FREE LONG LIFE MINIMAL MAINTENANCE RELIABLE
ENERGY-INDEPENDENCE
MODULAR

Applications of Solar Cells

Renewable energy Can be powered for remote locations Its free, limitless, and environmentally friendly