CAUTION:

Radioactive
Material

Effects of Non-ionizing radiation &

its control measures

Prepared by : -HITARTH MEHTA

MIHS DEPT.08IH06
ISTAR-BVM
 Outline
Types of Radiation
Definition of Non-ionizing radiation
Ionizing vs. Nonionizing Radiation
Classes of non-ir
Effects of non-ir
Its control measures
 RADIATION
S
ULTRAVIOLET VISIBLE INFRARED

FREQUENCY ( Hz )

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 10 10 10 10 1
0COSMIC 022
24 020 0 18 016 014 012 010 8 6 4 2
GAMMA RAYS
BROADCAST
HARD-XRAYS-SOFT
VUV
UV RADAR
INFRARED
FM
TV
SW POWERTRANS
1 X-UNIT 1KM
1 ANG 1UM 1CM 1M

10- 10- 10- 10- 10- 10- 10- 10- 1 10 10 10 10

16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 2 LENGTH
WAVE 4 6
IN METRE 8
Types of Radiation
difference
Ionizing radiation Non-Ionizing radiation
Higher energy Lower energy
electromagnetic waves electromagnetic waves
High enough energy to Not enough energy to
pull electron from orbit pull electron from orbit,
Alpha particles, Beta but can excite the
particles, Neutrons , electron
Gamma radiation , X- Visible light ,
radiation Microwaves, Video
Display Terminals, Power
lines ,Radiofrequency,
Lasers

difference
 NON IONIZING RADIATION

“The electromagnetic rays that do not have

sufficient energy to dislodge electrons in the
body.”
includes all kinds of electromagnetic
radiations with frequencies <1015Hz and
wavelengths λ = 10-8 -104 m.
It does transmit energy to the atoms which
give rise to health effect.
The shorter wavelength have higher energies
than larger wave length.
Radiation Sources
 ULTRAVIOLET

vDivided into three regions:

vNear400 - 300 nm ( UV-A ) [90%]
vFar 300 - 200 nm ( UV-B ) [10%]
vVacuum 200 -100 nm (UV-C )
vHealth Effects
vUV-A : Pigmentation of skin
vUV-B : Biological active & Potentially
harmful
vUV-C : Bactericidal ; Germicidal
Ozon e Hole- Dep letio n of S tr at osp heri c O 3
Ef fec ts o f UV Ra diati on on H um an Bo dy

Skin: Erythema-
Erythema „early red coloured skin
inflam-
mation“(appears after 2-
3 hours)
Tanning (delyed pigmentation,
because
production of melanine.(
it starts
approx. 24- 48 hours
after expo-
sure)
Vitamine D production
Skin Aging (Wrinkles, Dry skin, Skin cancer-
melanoma)
 CONTROL MEASURES
Basic Protection Measures are associated
with :
Ø(1) Time - exposure by 1/2 =
Dose by half
Ø(2) Distance - 2x ( distance) = 1/4
amount
Ø(3) Shielding - Thickness =
Radiation
 INF RAR ED
IR region : Visible red light ( 750nm ) to 0.3-cm
wavelength of microwaves.

q Health Effects:

Increase tissue temperature upon exposure

IR - A : 780 - 1400nm : absorbed through
skin/cornea
IR - B : 1400 -3000nm : Absorbed in
cornea/cataract
IR - C : 3000 - 1mm : Damage to skin/eyes
Short w/length : Injured cornea, iris, retina and
 MICROWAVES/RADIOWAVES
Within broadspectrum of Radio
frequencies ( approx: 10-300,000 MHz )
HEALTH EFFECTS:
Thermal effects
< 3000 MHz can penetrate skin and absorb
by underlying tissues.
Serious damage can occur when underlying
tissues such as eyes are exposed.
 CONTR OL MEASUR ES
Radiofrequency
Maximum 10 mW/cm2 Power Density (most
systems)
Controlled Areas
Inventory
Read Technical Manuals!!!
Hazard Criteria
SOP
 LASER
Light Amplification by the Stimulated
Emission of Radiation
* Coherent; Highly direction & low
divergence
HEALTH EFFECTS
Permanent eye damage and skin bruises
can result from exposure to powerful
lasers
Permanent Eye Injuries
Cataracts and temporary blinding
Skin damage
 CONTR OL MEASUR ES
Do not look into lasers.
Avoid reflective surfaces.
Medical SOP
Read Technical Manuals
Hazard Criteria
 R A D I AT I O N M O N I TO R I N G
vL A S E R : -
To check - installation is safe
To suggest ways to improve
To enable safe working procedure
To check amount of radiation received
To monitor consequence of changes
 PERSONAL MONITORING
PURPOSE:
Radiation dose received
Contamination and ingestion
Film Badge - chest
Gas ionisation Device - pocket
Scintillation Counter - ingested / surface
 ENVIRONMENT MONITORING
Ionisation Chamber
Scintillation Phosphors
Geiger Counter
Wipe test
Biological Effects :

1.Cell Damage
Synergism:- cells exposed to both ionizing radiation
and 60 Hz magnetic fields demonstrated an
enhanced frequency of near tetraploid chromosome
complements, a feature not observed following
exposure to only ionizing radiation.
2. Cancers :
3.CNS alterations :
4.Teratogenicity : by either of
ULF,VLF,LF,MF,HF,VHF,etc.
Only control measure
 References
Radiation protection division
AR 40-46, Control of Health Hazards
from Lasers and other High Intensity
Optical Sources
Department of Defense Instruction
(DoDI) 6055.11, “Protection of DoD
Personnel from Exposure to
Electormagnetic Fields (EMF) at Radio
Frequencies (RF) from 3 kHz to 300
GHz”