Pokok Bahasan V BIOENERGETIKA

FOTOSINTESIS
Maria Dwi BJ

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Photosyinthesis
An anabolic, endergonic, carbon dioxide (CO2) requiring process that uses LIGHT ENERGY (photons) and water (H2O) to produce organic macromolecules (glucose) The equation for photosynthesis shows that these compounds are used to produce glucose : 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy C6H12O6 + 6O2

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Where does photosynthesis take place?? Autotroph (self-producers) :

Eukariota : 1. Plants 2. Cells of photosynthetic algae (ganggang multiseluler, mis. Rumput laut 3. Protista uniseluler, mis. Euglena Prokariota : 4. Sianobakteri 5. Prokariota fotosintetik, mis. Bakteri sulfur Leaves : - stoma - mesophyll cells
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Green sulfur bacteria

Strict anaerobes, Very oxygen sensitive. Energy source. Light. Carbon source. always CO2 (photoautotrophs). Electron donor. Sulfide to sulfur and sulfate. Often excretes sulfur globules to the outside. Ecology. Outcompeted in high light intensity, very efficient at low light intensity, found in bottom of lake sediments, lower layers of mixed microbial mats. Example: Chlorobium species.

Chlorobium sp.

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Stomata (stoma) :
Pores in a plants through which gases (CO2 and O2) are exchanged between the plant and the atmosphere

CO2 O2

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Chloroplast structure

The photograph below is an Elodea leaf X 400. Individual cells are clearly visible. The tiny green structures within the cells are chloroplasts.

chloroplast

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Thylakoid are membranous disk-like structures that are stacked together in larger structures that resemble stacks of coins. Chlorophyll and carotenoid pigments are located in the membranes of the thylakoids. The thylakoid membranes also contain the electron transport system.
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Granum

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CHLOROPLAST STRUCTURE
double membrane bound structure - inner and outer membrane each with distinct functions grana capture light and electron energizing stroma chemical reactions that form food storage molecules

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Reaksi Terang : mengubah energi matahari menjadi energi kimiawi berupa ATP dan NADPH

Spektrum elektromagnetik
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Absorption of Chlorophyl

420

660
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Klorofil a dan klorofil b berbeda dalam hal gugus fungsional yang maria/biosel diikat pada cincin porfirin

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Apa yang terjadi ketika klorofil dan pigmen lainnya menyerap foton????

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Fotosistem : kompleks pengumpul cahaya dari membran tilakoid, memiliki kompleks antena pengumpul cahaya yang tersusun atas kumpulan beberapa ratus klorofil a, klorofil b dan karotenoid.

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Photosystem

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Photosystems

The closely packed pigment molecules and the reaction center form a unit referred to as an antenna complex. Photons of light that are picked up by any of the pigment molecules in the antenna pass their energy to nearby pigment molecules until it is eventually passed to a special molecule of chlorophyll a called the reaction center. The reaction center molecule becomes ionized and it loses its electron to an electron acceptor. This electron will need to be replaced. The antenna, the reaction center, and the electron transport molecules make up a photosystem. There are two kinds of photosystems in eucaryotes. The reaction center chlorophyll molecule of photosystem I absorbs 700 nm light best and is therefore called P700. The reaction center of photosystem II absorbs 680 nm light best and is called P680. Photosystem I evolved very early; photosystem II evolved later.
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Tahapan Reaksi Fotosintesis :

1.

Reaksi Terang/Light Reaction/Light Dependent Reaction

Mengubah energi matahari (foton) menjadi energi kimiawi (ATP dan NADPH)

2.

Siklus Calvin/Light Independent Reaction/Carbon Fixation

Menggunakan energi (ATP dan NADPH) dari reaksi terang untuk menghasilkan gula (glucose)

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Light-Dependent Reactions
The light-dependent reactions require light. These reactions occur in the thylakoid membrane. They produce ATP and NADPH, which are needed to produce glucose in the light-independent reactions Notice how the equation for photosynthesis relates to the reactions shown in the diagram below :

6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy

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C6H12O6 + 6O2
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Light-Independent Reactions
Light-independent reactions occur in stroma of the chloroplast in light or dark conditions. They function to reduce CO2 to glucose.

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1. Light Reaction/Reaksi Terang (Aliran Elektron)

Berlangsung di membran tilakoid Meliputi 2 jalur aliran elektron : Aliran elektron siklik dan non siklik

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The diagram below is a summary of the light reactions. High-energy components of the system are shown near the top of the diagram.

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Aliran elektron siklik :

Berlangsung di membran tilakoid Hanya melibatkan Fotosistem I Pusat reaksi P700 klorofil a Menggunakan Rantai Transpor Elektron Menghasilkan ATP ADP + P ATP

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Aliran elektron non siklik :

Berlangsung di membran tilakoid Melibatkan Fotosistem I (PS I) dan Fotosistem II (PS II) Pusat reaksi P680 (PS II) klorofil a Pusat reaksi P700 (PS I) klorofil a Menggunakan rantai transpor elektron Menghasilkan O2, ATP dan NADPH

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Aliran Elektron Non Siklik

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Kuis :
Jelaskan Fotosistem I dan II? Jelaskan reaksi fotosintesis yang tidak bergantung cahaya?

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