LVB 1 Day 2

Lesson 5 Arrays, Graphs, and Clusters
You Will Learn: A. About arrays

B. About generating arrays with loops C. Some basic array functions D. What polymorphism is E. Using graphs to display data F. About clusters G. Some cluster functions
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Arrays
Collection of data elements that are of same type
One or more dimensions, up to 2 31 elements per dimension

Elements accessed by their index First element is index 0
index 10-element array 2D array 0 1 2 3 4 Five-row by seven column array of 35 elements
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0 0
1 1
2 2
3 3
4 4
5 5
6 6
1.2 3.2 8.2 8.0 4.8 5.1 6.0 1.0 2.5 1.7
Array Controls and Indicators

1. Select the Array Shell from the Controls palette 2. Place data object inside shell
Add Dimension for 2D arrays
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Creating Array Constants

1. Select Array Constant shell from the Array subpalette
2. Place the data object in the array shell
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Creating and Using Arrays

Auto-Indexing loops accumulate arrays at their boundaries
For Loops auto index by default; While Loops do not
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Creating 2D Arrays
Inner loop creates column elements Outer loop stacks them into rows
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Common Array Functions
Array Size
Initialize Array
Array Subset
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The Build Array Function
Appending an element
Building a higher dimension array
Concatenate Inputs (default)

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The Index Array Function
Extracting an Element
Extracting a Row
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Polymorphism
Function inputs can be of different types All LabVIEW arithmetic functions are polymorphic
Combination Scalar + Scalar Array + Scalar Array + Array Array + Array
5 2 1 4 2 2 3 2 5 1 4 2 1 4 2 3 2 5 7 4 6 7 7
Result Scalar Array Array Array
3 6 4
4 6 7
Run Polymorphism Example.vi
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Exercise 5-1 on page 5-11

Students build Array Exercise.vi
Time to complete : 20 min.
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Graphs
Selected from the Graph subpalette Waveform Graph Plot an array of numbers against their indices XY Graph Plot one array against another
Plot Legend
(point and line styles)
Scale Legend
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Graph Palette
Single-Plot Waveform Graphs
Uniform X axis - initial X = 0.0, delta X = 1.0
Uniform X axis - you specify point spacing

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Multiple-Plot Waveform Graphs
Each row is a separate plot (initial X = 0, delta X = 1)
Each row is a separate plot (Bundle specifies point spacing of the X axis)
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XY Graphs
Non-uniform X axis Separate X and Y arrays define data points
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Students build Graph Waveform Array.vi
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Students build Temperature Analysis.vi *This VI will be used in a later exercise.
Time to complete: 25-30 min.
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Exercise 5-4 on page 5-26 (Optional)

Students build Graph Circle.vi
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Chart and Graph Use Summary

Use the Context Help window with charts and graphs
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Clusters
Data structure that groups data together Data may be of different types Analogous to record in Pascal or struct in C Elements must be either all controls or all indicators Thought of as wires bundled into a cable
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Cluster Controls and Indicators

1. Select a Cluster shell from the Array & Cluster subpalette 2. Place objects inside the shell
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Cluster Constants
Select a Cluster Constant shell from the Cluster subpalette Right-click on existing cluster and select Create>>Constant
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Cluster Order
Elements have a logical order (start with 0) To change order, right-click on border and select Reorder Controls in Cluster...
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Use Clusters to Pass Data to SubVIs

Use clusters to pass several values to one terminal Overcomes 28terminal limit Simplifies wiring
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Cluster Functions
In the Cluster subpalette of the Functions palette Can also be accessed by right-clicking on the cluster terminal
(Terminal labels reflect data type) Bundle
Bundle By Name
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Cluster Functions
Unbundle
Unbundle By Name
Unbundled cluster in the diagram

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Polymorphism with Clusters

Polymorphic functions work with clusters Arithmetic functions can perform computations on clusters of numeric data
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Exercise 5-5 on Page 5-40

Students build Cluster Exercise.vi
Approximate time to complete: 30 min.
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Exercise 5-6 on Page 6-43 (Optional)

Students build Cluster Scaling.vi
Approximate time to complete: 10 min.
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Summary
An array is a collection of elements of same data type numeric, Boolean, string, etc. Creating array or cluster controls/indicators is a two-step process 1. Get array or cluster shell 2. Place desired control/indicator inside the shell Loops can accumulate arrays at boundaries auto-indexing Array functions are in Array subpalette of Functions palette LabVIEW arithmetic functions are polymorphic input different data types Plot data on graphs Many features to manipulate plotted graph Multiple plots can be plotted on one graph Clusters group data that can be different types The Bundle and Unbundle functions are used to create and disassemble clusters
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Additional Exercises on page 5-46

5-7 Students build Reverse Random Array.vi
Time to complete: 20 min.
5-8 Students build Find Mid Value.vi

5-9 Students build Extract 2D Array.vi

5-10 (Challenge) Students build Die Roller.vi

5-11 (Challenge) Students build Array Pair Multiplier.vi

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Lesson 6 Case and Sequence Structures
You Will Learn: A. About Case structures
B. About Sequence structures

C. About Formula Nodes D. How to replace Sequence structures
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Case Structures
In the Structures subpalette of Functions palette Enclose nodes or drag them inside the structure Stacked like a deck of cards, only one case visible
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Boolean and Numeric Cases
Note: all possible outputs of the Case structure must be wired

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Students build Square Root.vi
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Students modify Temperature Running Average (Ex. 4-5) and save as Temperature Control.vi *This VI will be used in a later exercise.
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Sequence Structures
In the Structures subpalette of Functions palette Executes diagrams sequentially, Frame 0 (0..x), where x is the total number of frames Stacked like a deck of cards, only one frame visible
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Sequence Locals
Pass data from one frame to future frames Created at the border of the Sequence structure
Data not available
Sequence local created in Frame 1
Data available
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Students build Time to Match.vi by modifying Auto Match.vi (Ex. 4-3)
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Formula Node
In the Structures subpalette Implement complicated equations Variables created at border Variable names are case sensitive Each statement must terminate with a semicolon (;) Context Help Window shows available functions
Note semicolon
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Conditional Branching in Formula Nodes

if (x >= 0) then y = sqrt(x) else y = -99999.0 end if
Conditional Operator False Condition
Condition
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True Condition

Students build Formula Node Exercise.vi
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Replacing Sequence Structures with Case Structures
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Summary
Two structures to control flow of data Case structure Sequence structure Case structure Boolean or numeric cases selector determines type Subdiagrams placed inside case structure Output from a Case structure must be defined for all cases Sequence structure executes subdiagrams sequentially Sequence locals pass data between frames Created at the border of Sequence structure Data available in subsequent frames Formula Nodes allow direct entry of equations in the block diagram Sequence structures can be replaced with a Case inside of a Loop
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6-5 Students build Equations.vi
6-6 Students build Calculator.vi

6-7 Students build Square Root 2.vi

6-8 (Challenge) Students build Using Array
Over Threshold.vi
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Lesson 7 Strings and File I/O
You Will Learn:

A. How to create string controls and indicators B. Some string functions C. How to perform file input and output operations D. How to format text files for spreadsheets E. How to use the high-level File VIs
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Strings
A string is a sequence of displayable or nondisplayable characters (ASCII) Many uses displaying messages, instrument control, file I/O String control/indicator is in the Controls >> String subpalette
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String Display Modes

Normal display \ code display
Password display
Hex display
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String Functions
String Length
String
Length = 20
Concatenate Strings spaces here Strings

The quick brown fox jumped over the lazy dog.
Concatenated String
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String Functions
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String Functions
Converting numbers to strings
Converting strings to numbers
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Edit Format String

Format Into String & Scan From String Functions
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Students build Build String.vi *This VI will be used in a later exercise.
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File Input and Output

Three levels of hierarchy High-level utility file VIs Intermediate file I/O VIs Advanced file I/O functions
High Level File VIs Intermediate File VIs and Functions Advanced File Functions
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Intermediate File I/O VIs

Open/Create/Replace file opens, creates, or replaces a file Read File reads count bytes from the file Write File writes data to the file Close File closes the file Error handling in file I/O Time & Dialog subpalette Displays a dialog box if an error occurs
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Saving Data to a File
Open/Create/Replace opens the existing file TEST1.DAT and generates refnum and error cluster Write File writes the data Close File closes the file Simple Error Handler checks for errors
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Reading Data from a File
Open/Create/Replace opens the file Read File reads the specified number of bytes from the file
Close File closes the file

Simple Error Handler checks for errors
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Students build File Writer.vi
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Students build File Reader.vi
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Formatting a Spreadsheet String

Spreadsheets are popular tools for data handling and analysis There are many formats for spreadsheet data. One of the most popular is tab-delimited: Columns are separated by a tab character Rows are separated by an end-of-line character Easily created using LabVIEW file I/O VIs
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Creating a Spreadsheet File
A spreadsheet yields:
Tab
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End of Line

Students build Temperature Logger.vi by modifying Temperature Control.vi *This VI will be used in a later exercise.
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High-level File I/O VIs

Write to Spreadsheet File Read from Spreadsheet File Write Characters to File Read Characters from File Read Lines from File
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Students run Spreadsheet Example.vi
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Students build Temperature Application.vi
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Summary
String is a collection of ASCII characters many uses Display messages Instrument control File I/O Many functions to manipulate strings Strings palette of Functions menu Three levels of File I/O hierarchy High-level VIs Intermediate VIs and functions Advanced functions Writing data in spreadsheet format Tab character separates columns End-of-line character separates rows Write/Read from spreadsheet high-level File I/O VIs
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7-7 (Challenge) Students build
More
Spreadsheets.vi
7-8 (Challenge) Students build Spreadsheet
Converter.vi
7-9 Students modify Temperature Logger.vi (Ex. 7-4) and save the new VI as
Temperature Logger 2.vi

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LVB 1 Day 2

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Lesson 5 Arrays, Graphs, and Clusters

You Will Learn: A. About arrays

One or more dimensions, up to 2 31 elements per dimension

Array Controls and Indicators

Add Dimension for 2D arrays

Creating Array Constants

2. Place the data object in the array shell

Creating and Using Arrays

Common Array Functions

The Build Array Function

Building a higher dimension array

Concatenate Inputs (default)

The Index Array Function

Result Scalar Array Array Array

Run Polymorphism Example.vi

Exercise 5-1 on page 5-11

Single-Plot Waveform Graphs

Uniform X axis - initial X = 0.0, delta X = 1.0

Uniform X axis - you specify point spacing

Multiple-Plot Waveform Graphs

Each row is a separate plot (initial X = 0, delta X = 1)

Exercise 5-2 on page 5-16

Exercise 5-3 on page 5-22

Exercise 5-4 on page 5-26 (Optional)

Chart and Graph Use Summary

Cluster Controls and Indicators

Use Clusters to Pass Data to SubVIs

(Terminal labels reflect data type) Bundle

Unbundled cluster in the diagram

Polymorphism with Clusters

Exercise 5-5 on Page 5-40

Exercise 5-6 on Page 6-43 (Optional)

Additional Exercises on page 5-46

5-8 Students build Find Mid Value.vi

5-9 Students build Extract 2D Array.vi

5-10 (Challenge) Students build Die Roller.vi

5-11 (Challenge) Students build Array Pair Multiplier.vi

Lesson 6 Case and Sequence Structures

You Will Learn: A. About Case structures

B. About Sequence structures

Boolean and Numeric Cases

Note: all possible outputs of the Case structure must be wired

Exercise 6-1 on page 6-6

Exercise 6-2 on page 6-9

Data not available

Sequence local created in Frame 1

Exercise 6-3 on page 6-13

Conditional Branching in Formula Nodes

Exercise 6-4 on page 6-18

Replacing Sequence Structures with Case Structures

Additional Exercises on page 6-23

6-6 Students build Calculator.vi

6-7 Students build Square Root 2.vi

6-8 (Challenge) Students build Using Array

Lesson 7 Strings and File I/O

You Will Learn:

String Display Modes

Concatenate Strings spaces here Strings

Converting strings to numbers

Edit Format String

Exercise 7-1 on page 7-8

File Input and Output