WCDMA Radio Network Optimisation

Chapter 10

Power control

WCDMA Radio Network Optimisation

Slide 1

Power control
Introduction Impact on power control Power control mechanisms Open loop power control Power control on downlink common channels Closed loop power control Outer loop power control
WCDMA Radio Network Optimisation Slide 2

Power control
Introduction

IMS Architecture and Services R1A

Slide 3

Introduction
Every user in a CDMA network increases interference The impact of interference can be reduced with the use of power control The objective of power control is to use just enough power so that Eb/No requirements are met

IMS Architecture and Services R1A

Slide 4

Power control
Impact of power control

IMS Architecture and Services R1A

Slide 5

Impact of power control: Interference control

User 2

User 1

IMS Architecture and Services R1A

Slide 6

Impact of power control: Interference control

(
PT 1 Eb )User1 = W * ( S )User1 = W * L1 P N0 Rb I Rb PN + T 2 L2

PT 2 Eb )User 2 = W * ( S )User 2 = W * L2 P N0 Rb I Rb PN + T 1 L1

If we consider L1>>L2 and PT1=PT2=PT then,

(E )
b

N0

= User1

E W W * << * =( b Rb PN 1 Rb PN 1 N0 + + PT L2 PT L1

1 L1

1 L2

User 2

IMS Architecture and Services R1A

Slide 7

Impact of power control: Interference control

Near-far effect is not present in downlink direction But power control should try to minimise the transmitted power as this is a shared resources among all the users

IMS Architecture and Services R1A

Slide 8

Impact of power control: Coverage and capacity

Directly impacted by interference generated. We use the term soft capacity to indicate that capacity can be compromised for coverage This impact is called cell breathing

IMS Architecture and Services R1A

Slide 9

Impact of power control: Quality of connections

Power control increase power in situations when the quality is poor It is important that only just enough power is transmitted

IMS Architecture and Services R1A

Slide 10

Power control
Power control mechanisms

IMS Architecture and Services R1A

Slide 11

Power control mechanisms

In ideal situation, Eb/No should be the input to power control algorithm Eb/No is very difficult to obtain. SIR is used instead of Eb/No The target is set in accordance with the following relation:

Rb Eb S )Min = * ( )Min I W N0
Slide 12

IMS Architecture and Services R1A

Power control mechanisms

RNC UE Node B Open Loop Power Control

Inner Loop Power Control

Closed Loop Power Control

Outer Loop Power Control

IMS Architecture and Services R1A

Slide 13

Power control
Open loop power control

IMS Architecture and Services R1A

Slide 14

Open loop power control

Power control in UL and DL are practically correlated Open loop power control does not require to send any TPC command to be sent. Also no feed back mechanism is available Works in a cycle: Measure-Read-Decide Defines only the initial value of transmitted power
IMS Architecture and Services R1A Slide 15

Open loop power control: Uplink open loop power control

Requires UE measurements and some control parameters from the network. The involved steps are:

1. The mobile measures the received power from the base station.
2. The mobile reads the base station transmit power of the common pilot from the broadcast channel.

3. The mobile estimates (calculates) the minimum transmit power necessary to access the cell and makes an attempt at a slightly lower power.
4. If this attempt is unsuccessful, that is, there is no response from the base station, it will increase the power in steps and retry.
IMS Architecture and Services R1A Slide 16

Open loop power control: Uplink open loop power control

Connection established with minimum interference to other users Dedicated Channel at just enought power UE 1 1) UE measures Pilot 2) Reads interference level from Broadcast channel
r

nsm a r 3) T

a its

tC

d ate l u alc

we Po

UE 2

4) The Power is ramped up until a response is heard or maximum number of re-attempts is reached

RBS

IMS Architecture and Services R1A

Slide 17

Open loop power control: Uplink open loop power control

Power on DPCCH:
DPCCH_Initial_power = DPCCH_Power_offset - CPICH_RSCP

DCCH_Power_offset is calculated by RNC and provided to UE during RRC connection setup.

DPCCH_Power_offset= CPICH_Tx_power + UL_interference+ SIRDPCCH -10log (SFDPCCH )

Where, SIRDPCCH- initial target SIR from admission control algorithm SFDPCCH- spreading factor of corresponding DPCCH
IMS Architecture and Services R1A Slide 18

Open loop power control: Downlink open loop power control

Used to set the initial power of downlink channels based on measurement from the UE

The exact algorithm is not standardized.

1) Uses parameters to calculate required power Dedicated Channel at just enought power

UE 1
dP e t a l lcu ow er

ns a r 2) T

tC sa t i m

Minimum downlink power used to setup a connection thus maximizing downlink capacity RBS

UE 2
IMS Architecture and Services R1A

3) The Power is ramped up until a response is heard or until a certain maximum power is reached

Slide 19

Open loop power control: Downlink open loop power control

Power of DPDCH and DPCCH fields are not same. They are relative to DPDCH power
DL Tx Power Timeslot (0,667 ms)

P02

TPC Data 1 DPDCH

TFCI Data 2

P03

DL DPCH

P01

Pilot DPCCH Time

DPCCH

DPDCH

IMS Architecture and Services R1A

Slide 20

Power control
Power control for downlink common channels

IMS Architecture and Services R1A

Slide 21

Power control for downlink common channels

Power of PCPICH is set in dBm and during cell planning

Power of every other downlink common channels are expressed relative to PCPICH
The parameters are set during radio planning FACH can have different offsets depending on what logical channel (control or traffic) is transmitted
Power 2560 CHIPS
P01 (db) P03 (db)

TFCI

Data

Pilot Time

IMS Architecture and Services R1A

Slide 22

Power control
Closed loop power control

IMS Architecture and Services R1A

Slide 23

Closed loop power control

Transmitted power is adjusted based on measured S/I A radio connection must be up and running to provide feedbacks. The cycle can be explained as: Measure-Command-React This power control has a rate of 1.5 kHz in WCDMA There are two types of closed loop power control:
Inner loop Outer loop
IMS Architecture and Services R1A Slide 24

Closed loop power control

Tx Power Adjustment DL SIR Target adjustment
P T,UL P T,DL

UL SIR Target adjustment BLERUL

RNC

BLERDL DL Outer Loop Power Control Inner Loop Power Control UL Outer Loop Power Control

IMS Architecture and Services R1A

Slide 25

Power control
Inner-loop power control

IMS Architecture and Services R1A

Slide 26

Inner loop power control

Feed back from the opposite direction is necessary. Applicable to DCH channels in UL and DL The power control evaluation are independent in UL and DL direction

IMS Architecture and Services R1A

Slide 27

Inner-loop power control: Uplink inner loop power control

Used to set the power of uplink DPCH Tries to maintain SIRtarget SIRtarget is compared to SIRest If SIRest SIRtarget then the TPC command to transmit is "0" which is translated to TPC_cmd=-1. This means power down command is sent. If SIRest SIRtarget then the TPC command to transmit is "1" which is translated to TPC_cmd=1. This means power up command is sent.
IMS Architecture and Services R1A Slide 28

Inner-loop power control: Uplink inner loop power control

The change in DPCCH power with respect to its previous value is derived by the UE and is denoted by DDPCCH (in dB) In any case, the maximum power cannot be more than UE power class or maximum power allowed in the cell The major objective of this power control is to combat Rayleigh fading or so called fast fading

IMS Architecture and Services R1A

Slide 29

Inner-loop power control: Uplink inner loop power control

Two algorithms, selected by parameter PowerControlAlgorithm Algorithm 1: When UE speed is low and step size is 1 or 2 dB Algorithm 2:

When UE speed is very high. Effectively, power control is turned off.

Because at high speeds, inner loop power control cannot really follow fast fading, rather introduces noise in UL transmission. The step size, DTPC is a layer 1 parameter which is derived from the UE-specific higher-layer parameter "TPC-StepSize". When "TPC-StepSize" =dB1, TPC=1 dB and "TPC-StepSize" =dB2, TPC=2dB
IMS Architecture and Services R1A Slide 30

Inner-loop power control: Uplink inner loop power control

During soft handover:
SIRmeasured1 NODE B1 SIRmeasured1 vs SIRtarget UL TPC1 Commands TPC1

SRNC UE Macro Diversity Combining and Splitting SIRmeasured2 Algorithm 1 or 2 to Combine TPC1 and TPC2

TPC2

NODE B2 SIRmeasured1 vs SIRtarget UL TPC2 Commands

IMS Architecture and Services R1A

Slide 31

Inner-loop power control: Uplink inner loop power control

During compressed mode: During compressed mode the same algorithms are applied with some adjustments However, there is a mechanism to recover SIR target after the transmission gap is finished. A new target is used: SIRcm_target , but the algorithm is similar. SIRcm_target is comparatively bigger value than the normal situation to compensate for the interruption

IMS Architecture and Services R1A

Slide 32

Inner-loop power control: Downlink inner loop power control

Power control dynamic range in DL
BTS maximum output power 3 dB Maximum code channel power DL Total Power Dynamic Range 28 dB DL PC Dynamic Range No traffic channels activated

Minimum code channel power

IMS Architecture and Services R1A Slide 33

Inner-loop power control: Downlink inner loop power control

If SIRest SIRtarget then the TPC command to transmit is "0". If SIRest < SIRtarget then the TPC command to transmit is "1". The UE shall check the downlink power control mode (DPC_MODE) before generating the TPC command: If DPC _ MODE = 0 : the UE sends a unique TPC command in each slot and the TPC command generated is transmitted in the first available TPC field in the uplink DPCCH. If DPC _ MODE = 1 : the UE repeats the same TPC command over 3 slots and the new TPC command is transmitted such that there is a new command at the beginning of the frame, unless uplink discontinuous transmission is activated, in which case the UE shall behave as for DPC _ MODE = 0 . The DPC_MODE parameter is a UE specific parameter controlled by the UTRAN.
IMS Architecture and Services R1A Slide 34

Inner-loop power control: Downlink inner loop power control

The TPC commands are sent on the uplink DPCCH. The power control of a DPCCH and its corresponding DPDCHs in the downlink is performed simultaneously and by the same amount. The relative power difference between the DPCCH and the TFCI, TPC and pilot fields of the downlink DPCCH are determined by PO1, PO2 and PO3, respectively.

In soft handover, the UE transmit power is reduced if the PC signalling quality is improved by setting a higher power for the DPCCH than for the DPDCH in the downlink.
The downlink power control step size DTPC can take four values: 0.5, 1, 1.5 or 2 dB. It is mandatory for UTRAN to support DTPC of 1 dB, while support of other step sizes is optional. The parameter is set during radio network planning.
Slide 35

IMS Architecture and Services R1A

Inner-loop power control: Downlink inner loop power control

During soft handover:
NODE B1 DPC_MODE=0: TPC Decision On each Slot DPC_MODE=1: TPC Decision upon 3 Slots SRNC Macro Diversity Combining and Splitting DL TPC UE

DL SIR Measured vs SIR Target TPC=0 or 1 DPC_MODE=1: Same TPC Command is Repeated over 3 Consecutive Slots

NODE B2 DPC_MODE=0: TPC Decision On each Slot DPC_MODE=1: TPC Decision upon 3 Slots

IMS Architecture and Services R1A

Slide 36

Inner-loop power control: Downlink inner loop power control

Power drifting:
Due to signalling errors in the air interface, the Node Bs may detect this power control command in a different way. It is possible that one of the Node Bs lowers its transmission power to that UE while the other node Bs increases its transmission power.

This behaviour leads to a situation where the downlink powers start drifting apart; this is referred to here as power drifting.
Power drifting is not desirable, since it mostly degrades the downlink soft handover performance.

IMS Architecture and Services R1A

Slide 37

Inner-loop power control: Downlink inner loop power control

Power drifting:
RNC can take initiative to provide a single reference power to every cell in active set so that they do not drift further away. This reference power is adjusted periodically

IMS Architecture and Services R1A

Slide 38

Inner-loop power control: Downlink inner loop power control

Compressed mode:
Aim of DL power control during compressed mode is to recover as fast as possible a SIR close to the target SIR after each transmission gap. A special algorithm is used to calculate the new value of the power control command.

However, the step size is double compared to without compressed mode situation.

IMS Architecture and Services R1A

Slide 39

Power control
Outer loop power control

IMS Architecture and Services R1A

Slide 40

Outer loop power control

Maintains the quality of the connection based on bearer service in question Modifies the SIRtarget for inner loop power control SIR target needs to be changed due to UE speed or a change in multipath propagation Frequency of outer loop power control varies within 10 to 100 Hz

IMS Architecture and Services R1A

Slide 41

Outer loop power control:

General outer loop power control algorithm

Decrease SIRtarget

Yes

Received quality Better than Required quality

No

Increase SIRtarget

IMS Architecture and Services R1A

Slide 42

Outer loop power control: Uplink outer loop power control

Common Inner Loop Power Control For All Services NODE B1 Radio Link 1 Macro Diversity Combining

Each Radio Link Has Only One SIRtarget Radio Link 2

UE

Outer Loop Power Control RNC

NODE B2 Estimated Quality of each Service Data Data Set SIRtarget According to the Service Requiring Higher Target Data SIRtarget

Speech Video Web Inner Loop Power Control

IMS Architecture and Services R1A

Slide 43

Outer loop power control: Downlink outer loop power control

The algorithm runs in the UE The specific algorithm is implementation specific. Because the handset manufacturer has control over the process The value of the downlink outer loop power control target in the UE is controlled by admission control in RNC. This target can be modified during connection Node B does not need to increase power at the request from UE
Slide 44

IMS Architecture and Services R1A

Outer loop power control: Downlink outer loop power control

Compressed mode:
SIR target is adjusted in the node B and in the UE during compressed frames compared to normal situation Below is the representation of the SIR target in the compressed mode. SIRcm_target=SIRtarget+SIRpilot +SIRcoding Where, SIRpilot and SIRcoding take respectively into account the reduction of pilot symbols in compressed mode and the mechanism for generating the gaps.
IMS Architecture and Services R1A Slide 45

Power control
Outer loop anti-windup feature:

IMS Architecture and Services R1A

Slide 46

Outer loop power control: Outer loop anti-windup feature:

Under some situation, it is possible that the transmitter uses maximum power, still CRC fails and SIRtarget continues to increase If, after such a situation, conditions become normal (receiver moves closer to the transmitter), SIR target becomes very high and inner loop power control tries to adjust in such a way, that the transmitted power is higher than necessary to achieve desired BLER

IMS Architecture and Services R1A

Slide 47

Outer loop power control: Outer loop anti-windup feature:

Outer loop anti-windup feature:
To avoid such situations a so called "anti-windup" mechanism may be employed to limit how high the SIR target may rise above the measured achieved SIR. If the difference between the SIR estimated by uplink Inner Loop Power Control and the SIR target, known as SIRerror, over a 60 msec period, is equal to or greater than 2 dB, the node B will send a message to the Serving RNC to suspend the uplink outer loop Power Control algorithm.
IMS Architecture and Services R1A Slide 48

Outer loop power control: Outer loop anti-windup feature:

A typical scenario where the UE enters a tunnel and looses radio contact is illustrated
SIR Error

2 1
60 ms

NODE B UE
IMS Architecture and Services R1A

Time

Slide 49