Inability of the kidney/s to perform its functions.

Body cannot replace damaged nephrons, thus, destruction of too many nephrons will result to kidney failure.

Kidney failure

Complete suppression (stopping) of urine formation by the kidneys.

Anuria/anuresis

Toxic condition caused by excessive amount of urea and other waste products in the bloodstream.
Sudden onset Acute Renal Failure (ARF)

Uremia

Characterized by uremia Caused by many factors, such as drop in blood volume or blood pressure, due to injury or surgery.

Dialysis or transplantation is required when kidney function is insufficient.

Chronic Renal Failure (CRF) Progressive disease

End-stage renal disease (ESRD) Late stages of chronic renal failure

General group of kidney diseases with the following characteristics: Edema (excessive fluid in body tissue) Hyperproteinuria (abnormally high concentrations of protein (albumin) in the urine Hypoproteinemia (abnormally high) concentrations of protein (albumin) in the blood) Hyperlipidemia (abnormally large amounts of lipids in the blood)

Damage to kidneys glomeruli caused by:

slow infections, like Hepa B Diabetes drug reactions Hyperlipidemia (abnormally large amounts of lipids in the blood) Unknown

Diseases of the kidney Used interchangeably with nephrotic syndrome

Result of damage to the kidneys capillary blood vessels that is caused by long-term diabetes mellitus.

Inflammation of the kidney, primarily involving the glomeruli Acute glomerulonephritis: urine is dark brown or black in color; often related to autoimmune problem. Types: kidney disease of diabetes, IgA nephropathy, and lupus nephritis May be caused by streptococcus A

Dilation of the renal pelvis of one or both kidneys. Result of an obstruction of the flow of urine. Causes: stones, tumors in or near the ureter, cancers of the bladder, cervix, uterus, prostate, or other pelvic organs, rectal impaction of feces

distention (enlargement) of a kidney inflammation of the kidney downward displacement of the kidney; floating kidney

downward displacement of the kidney; floating kidney

Radiograph of abdomen taken on 15th minute after IV contrast infusion in laying down position shows contrasted pelvises and calicles of the both kidneys. Right kidney pelvis is on the level of L2L3 intervertebral disk.

Upright radiograph in the same patient on 15th minute after IV contrast infusion shows that right kidney pelvis go down to the level of L4. This corresponds to nephroptosis of 1st degree.

suppuration of the kidney

inflammation of the renal pelvis

inflammation of the renal pelvis and kidney

acute pain in the kidney area caused by blockage during the passage of the kidney stone.

CALCULUS (calculi) abnormal mineral deposit vary in size and are named for the organ or tissue where they are located

Renal calculi Disorder characterized by the presence of stones in the kidney

Formed when urine becomes too concentrated with certain substances. No symptoms until stones move down to ureter, causing pain. Pain is severe starting in the flank region, then moves down the groin. Common; 5% of women and 10% of men will have at least one episode by age 70. For persons with kidney stones, recurrence is common.

Types of stones: Calcium stones most common but 2 to 3x in men Uric stones associated with gout; common among men. Cystine stones formed in persons with cystinuria which is an inherited disorder where kidneys do not adequately reabsorb certain amino acids during the filtering process resulting in excess excretion of these amino acids, which in turn precipitate formation of stones; affects both men and women Struvite stones mainly affect women as a result of UTI; can grow very large and obstruct kidney, ureter, or bladder.

Often called infection stones. They form in the presence of long standing infection with certain bacteria that are able to split the urea in urine into ammonium. This allows ammonium to complex with magnesium and phosphate in the urine to form stones. As the stones form, bacteria are trapped within them. This ensures that more ammonium is made and the stones are able to grow. They continue growing, like coral, until the inside of the kidney is filled with stone. This is called a staghorn calculus because it looks like the antler of a deer on x-ray. With time, infection can damage the kidney and even induce cancer.

Distention (stretching out) of the ureter with urine that cannot flow because ureter is blocked.
Left hydronephrosis and hydroureter

Distention of a ureter.

Discharge of blood from the ureter.

Stricture of the ureter.

(Stricture: abnormal band of tissue narrowing a body passage.)

Pain in the urinary bladder.

Inflammation of the bladder.

Inflammation within the wall of the bladder.

Hernia of the bladder through the vaginal wall. causes: multiple pregnancies, childbirth, repeated heavy lifting, straining with BM, chronic cough
The weakening of the muscular wall in this condition can cause urine to leak from the bladder when there is an increase in internal abdominal pressure such as in sneezing or coughing. Surgery such as an anterior vaginal wall repair may help this condition.

Usually begin in the bladder. caused by bacteria More common among women due to shortness of urethra and proximity of its opening to the vagina and rectum. symptoms: burning sensation when voiding, feeling the urge to urinate more often but not being able to, foul-smelling urine, cloudy, dark, or bloody urine, nausea, vomiting, fever

Drink plenty of water to flush out bacteria. Drink at least 2 liters of plain water everyday. Don't hold your urine. Deliberately empty bladder after urination - double urination Wipe from front to back after bowel movements. Urinate after having sex to help wash away bacteria. Use enough lubrication during sex. Try using a small amount of lubricant (such as K-Y Jelly) before sex if you're a little dry. For ladies: avoid nylon underwear and vaginal deodorants There is some weak evidence that drinking cranberry juice may help recurrence of UTIs.

Abnormal opening between the bladder and vagina.

Bleeding from the bladder.

Blockage of the urethra can cause urine to back up into the ureters, called reflux. Eventually lead to kidney damage.

Pain in the urethra.

Inflammation of the urethra.

Abnormal discharge from the urethra.

Stricture or stenosis of the urethra.

Male: urethral opening is located on the dorsal (upper) surface of the penis. Female: urethral opening is in the region of the clitoris.

Male: urethral opening is on the undersurface of the penis. Female: urethral opening is into the vagina.

Male: urethral opening is on one side of the body.

Increased excretion of urine.

Difficult or painful urination. Frequently associated with UTIs.

Involuntary discharge of urine. Nocturnal enuresis: bedwetting

Excessive urination during the night. Scanty urine

Excessive urination

Inability to void or empty the bladder.

Inability to control excretory functions.

Inability to control the voiding of urine.

Inability to control the voiding of urine under physical stress such as running, sneezing, laughing, or coughing.

When urination occurs involuntarily as soon as an urgent desire to urinate is felt. Urge may be triggered by physical movement rather than by a full bladder.

Incontinence in the Elderly All older adults are susceptible to incontinence. One in 10 people over age 65 have some type of bladder control loss. About half of the elderly who are house bound or in nursing homes experience incontinence; between 25 - 30% of older adults have urinary leakage problems after hospitalization for a serious illness.

Incontinence in Women
Six out of every seven cases of adult incontinence occurs in women. Between 10 - 30% of women experience incontinence during their lifetimes, with the highest rates occurring in women who have had children. In one major 2003 Norwegian study of women under 65, 20% experienced incontinence, with 8.7% of women reporting moderate-to-severe incontinence. Women are generally more at risk for urinary incontinence than younger men because the urethras in women are shorter than in men (around two inches versus 10 inches). High-Impact Exercise. Women who engage in high-impact exercise are susceptible to urinary leakage, particularly women with a low foot arch. Shock to the pelvic area is increased as the foot makes impact with hard surfaces. Those at highest risk for urinary leakage are gymnasts, followed by softball, volleyball, and basketball players.