Efficient Structural Design and Good Construction

EFFICIENT STRUCTURAL DESIGN & GOOD CONSTRUCTION
Organized by
Engr. Sabbir Siddique,PEng September 4, 2013 Comilla

WWW.SABBIRSIDDIQUE.COM
DISCUSSION TOPICS
STRUCTURAL DESIGN Discussion on Earthquake Loading - Ductility in structure - Common design mistakes & key points GOOD CONSTRUCTION Water/Cement ratio - Compaction - Curing
EARTHQUAKE LOADING
The Seismic Zoning Map BNBC/2013
Seismic Zone 1 Location Seismic Intensity Low Seismic Zone Coefficient, Z 0.12
Southwestern part including Barisal, Khulna, Jessore, Rajshahi Lower Central and Northwestern part including Noakhali, Dhaka, Pabna, Dinajpur, as well as Southwestern corner including Sundarbans Upper Central and Northwestern part including Brahmanbaria, Sirajganj, Rangpur Northeastern part including Sylhet, Mymensingh, Kurigram
Moderate
0.20
Severe
0.28
Very Severe
0.36
BASIC INFORMATION ON EARTHQUAKE DESIGN

Values of the contour is Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA) in g for Maximum Considered Earthquake (MCE). MCE is an earthquake which has 2% probability of exceedance in 50 years. The MCE earthquake has a return period of 2,475 years; and There is 36% probability that this MCE ground motion shall not occur in the 50 years period.
BASIC INFORMATION ON EARTHQUAKE DESIGN

Structural design to be done using Design Basis Earthquake (DBE) which is of 2/3 MCE. It may be noted that the earlier version of the code (BNBC/93 Art. 2.5.7.1) it was 225 years mean return period earthquake (20% probability of exceedance in 50 years).
EARTHQUAKE DESIGN HOW TO INPUT EARTHQUAKE LOAD ?

BETTER WAY TO INPUT EARTHQUAKE LOAD IS AS RESPONSE SPECTRUM FUNCTION. IT CONSIDERS THE DYNAMIC MODE SHAPES OF THE BUILDING. EASY TO INPUT IF YOU HAVE UNDERSTANDING ON STRUCTURAL DYNAMICS. LITTLE
EARTHQUAKE DESIGN For Comilla
PGA for MCE = 0.2g

PGA for DBE = 2/3x0.2 = 0.133g
Very roughly this Design Basis Earthquake PGA has a return period of 475 years.
EARTHQUAKE LOAD
GROUND ACCELERATION OF EL-CENTRO EARTHQUAKE
RESPONSE SPECTRUM OF EL-CENTRO EARTHQUAKE FOR 5% DAMPING
EARTHQUAKE LOAD
Design Acceleration Response Spectrum
0.350 0.300
Spectral acceleration,sa
0.250 0.200 0.150 0.100 0.050 0.000 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3 3.2 3.4 3.6 3.8 4
Period, sec
A TYPICAL RESPONSE SPECTRUM CURVE FOR COMILLA ZONE SOIL- ROCK AS PER BNBC/2013
EARTHQUAKE LOAD
0.140

0.120
Seismic zone coefficient, Z

0.100 0.080
= 0.20 = 1.0 = 1.15
Structure importance factor, I Soil coefficient, S
Force-Resisting Structural System = OMRF

0.060
Response reduction factor , R

0.040 0.020 0.000 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 Period, sec 3
= 3.0
3.2 3.4 3.6 3.8
A TYPICAL RESPONSE SPECTRUM CURVE AS PER BNBC/2013

EARTHQUAKE LOAD
RESPONSE SPECTRUM AS PER BNBC/2013
Art. 2.5.4 Art. 2.5.6.2 Art. 2.5.7.1 Table 2.5.7 Table 2.5.4 Table 2.5.4 Table 2.5.4 Table 2.5.4 Eqn. 2.5.6 Art. 2.5.6.3 Table 2.5.1
EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT DESIGN- BASIC CONCEPT PROJECT LOCATION Comilla Seismic zone coefficient for Maximum Considered Earthquake , Z 0.2 g Structure importance factor, I 1 Seismic Force-Resisting Structural System Ordinary reinforced concrete moment frames Response reduction factor , R 3 Lower llimit of the period of the constant spectral accleration branch, TB Upper llimit of the period of the constant spectral accleration branch, TC Lower llimit of the period of the constant spectral displacement branch, TD Site dependent soil factor defining elastic response spectrum, S Damping correction factor, Viscous damping, Coefficient used to calculate lower bond for Sa , Site classification based on soil properties
0.140
0.2 0.6 2.0 1.15 1.0 5 0.2 SC
sec sec sec 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Table 1 Acceleration response spectrum data Sa T 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3 3.2 3.4 3.6 3.8 4 0.051 0.070 0.089 0.109 0.128 0.128 0.128 0.096 0.077 0.064 0.055 0.048 0.043 0.038 0.032 0.027 0.023 0.020 0.017 0.015 0.013 0.012 0.011 0.010

0.120 0.100 0.080 0.060 0.040 0.020 0.000 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 Period, sec 3 3.2 3.4 3.6 3.8 4
EARTHQUAKE LOAD
IF WE ARE LITTLE COURAGEOUS WHY NOT USE TIME HISTORY DATA FOR OUR BUILDING ANALYSIS ? WE CAN GENERATE A RESPONSE SPECTRUM COMPITABLE TIME HISTORY DATA WITH LITTLE EXPERTISE IN NUMERICAL MATHEMATICS.
EARTHQUAKE LOAD
Time history 1
0.6 0.4 0.2 -0.0 0 -0.2 -0.4 -0.6 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
t (s)
TIME HISTORY CURVE FOR BNBC/2013 RESPONSE SPECTRUM CURVE AS SHOWN BEFORE
EARTHQUAKE LOAD
Response Spectrum 1
0.18 0.16 0.14 0.12 0.10 0.08 0.06 0.04 0.02 0.00 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0
T (s)
TIME HISTORY DATA MATCHING TARGET SPECTRUM
DUCTILITY IN STRUCTURE
DUCTILITY IN STRUCTURE IN SIMPLE WORD DUCTILITY MEANS ABILITY TO DEFORM

WE CAN MAKE A CONCRETE STRUCTURE DUCTILE BY -
USE DUCTILE REINFORCING MATERIAL MAKE DUCTILE DETAILING OF JOINTS

GENERALIZED FORCE DEFORMATION CURVE OF STRUCTURES
COMPARISON OF MEMBER DUCTILITY FOR DIFFERENT STEEL MATERIAL
COMPARISON OF MEMBER DUCTILITY FOR DIFFERENT STEEL MATERIAL
500 GRADE GENERAL STEEL
500 GRADE BSRM EXTREME
COMMON MISTAKES IN STRUCTURAL DESIGN OF BUILDING
BASIC LIMITATON OF THE PRACTICING CIVIL ENGINEER?

TOO DEPENDENT ON SOFTWARE FOR DESIGN OF STRUCTURAL MEMBERS DO NOT UNDERSTAND SPECIFICATION MATERIAL
DO NOT UNDERSTAND CONTRACT
CAN NOT WRITE REPORTS
LOADS IN BUILDING
WE HAVE GOOD UNDERSTANDING OF PERMANENT GRAVITY LOADS (DEAD & LIVE). WE HAVE LESS UNDERSTANDING ON ENVIORNMENTAL LOAD e.g. WIND & EARTHQUAKE.
WE HAVE NO UNDERSTANDING ON SECONDARY LOADS e.g. CREEP, SHRINKAGE.

DID YOU KNOW ? FOUNDATION SETTLEMENT IS A LOAD THAT NEED TO BE CONSIDERED IN DESIGN.
COMMON MISTAKES WE DO IN FOUNDATION DESIGN

SOIL INVESTIGATION - WE NEVER SAY WHAT TO INVESTIGATE WE SELDOM CONSIDER WATER TABLE IN FOUNDATION DESIGN WE SELDOM CONSIDER SURCHARGE LOAD FROM GR. FLOOR ON FOUNDATION
WE NEVER CALCULATE SETTLEMENT
BEAM DESIGN
TORSION IS AN IMPORTANT ISSUE BUT USUALLY NOT CONSIDERED IN RC DESIGN BECAUSE GENERAL PURPOSE ENGINEERING SOFTWARE ONLY CONSIDER STRONG AXIS MOMENT/SHEAR FOR RC DESIGN. THIS IS A GREAT MISTAKE. NEVER CHECK DETAILING AT JOINTS. REINFORCEMENT
NEVER CHECK CRACK DEFLECTION & VIBRATION.
WIDTH,
COLUMN DESIGN
COLUMN FAILS IN SHEAR DURING EARTHQUAKE COMMON PRACTICE IS TO DESIGN COLUMN FOR AXIAL FORCE AND MOMENT ONLY. WHAT ABOUT MOMENT MAGNIFICATION IN COLUMN DESIGN? OR OTHERWAY TO CONSIDERE GEOMETRIC NON-LINEARITY? DID YOU KNOW- STIFFNESS OF THE STRUCTURE REDUCE FOR AXIAL COMPRESSION?
Good Construction Results in Safe Structure
Three most important Issues for Good Concrete Construction
Water-Cement Ratio Compaction Curing
Dry Concrete?
Never just add water to the concrete to make it more workable, always use a mix of cement paste (i.e. water AND cement).
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF CONCRETE
Water Cement Ratio VS Compressive Strength

Compaction of Concrete
Compaction is done by shaking, or vibrating, the concrete which liquefies it, allowing the trapped air to rise out.
Compaction must be done as concrete is placed, while it is still plastic. Never let concrete dry-out and stiffen because it will be too hard to compact. Properly compacted concrete is more dense, strong and durable. Offform finishes will also be better.
Put the poker into the concrete QUICKLY. The area vibrated at one time is called the RADIUS OF ACTION. This can be seen by over what radius air bubbles rise to the surface. The radius of action will be greater with a LARGER poker and more-workable concrete. Take the SLOWLY poker out Always compact in a definite pattern so the very radius of action overlaps and covers the whole area of the concrete.
NEVER spread or move concrete sideways with the poker, always use a shovel.
NEVER touch the reinforcement with the poker.
NEVER touch the form face with the poker as it can damage the formwork and the concrete.
Strength VS Compaction
Curing of Concrete
WHAT IS CURING ? Curing means to cover the concrete so it stays MOIST. By keeping concrete moist the bond between the paste and the aggregates gets stronger. Concrete doesnt harden properly if it is left to dry out. WHEN TO CURE? Curing is done just after finishing the concrete surface, as soon as it will not be damaged.
Curing of Concrete
The simplest method of APPLYING WATER is to put a continuous fine, misty spray of water over the concrete. BEWARE: The spray must be a very fine mist or else it will damage the surface of the concrete. Concrete will dry out more quickly in hot weather. Keep the concrete continuously moist. The most important thing in curing is to keep the concrete moist at all times. Hosing in the morning and again at night and letting the concrete dry out in between is not good.
Curing of Concrete
Another way to cure concrete is to cover with PLASTIC SHEETS to slow down water loss. Concrete may also be cured by applying a CURING COMPOUND [EVAPORATIVE RETARDANT (Aliphatic Alcohol)] which slows water loss. Recent example is 3rd Karnafuly Extra dosed Cable Stayed Bridge. Another passive way of Curing is to keep the formwork for long time.
Strength VS Curing
LAST BUT NOT THE LEAST
NEVER EVER DO THESE MISTAKES
Any design work without calculation.
Left you drawing incomplete thinking that it would be done at site during construction.
Provide a drawing information in it. without necessary
Do not make a KICKER for Column Casting. If you need something like a KICKER to place the formwork make it at least 300mm high so that you can vibrate it with Poker Vibrator. And NEVER use hand-mix concrete for such construction.
Do not add cement grout on old concrete to pour new concrete. Fresh water is good enough. If required use jointing material e.g. SIKADUR-31 or other similar.
CIVIL ENGINEERING IS NOT A WHITE COLLAR JOB.
WITHOUT PROPOER CONSTRUCTION KNOWLEDGE & EXPERIENCE YOU WILL NEVER BE GOOD DESIGNEER.
FURTHER QUESTIONS?
Feel free to knock me at:
www.sabbirsiddique.com

Efficient Structural Design and Good Construction

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Efficient Structural Design and Good Construction

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EFFICIENT STRUCTURAL DESIGN & GOOD CONSTRUCTION

Engr. Sabbir Siddique,PEng September 4, 2013 Comilla

BASIC INFORMATION ON EARTHQUAKE DESIGN

BASIC INFORMATION ON EARTHQUAKE DESIGN

EARTHQUAKE DESIGN HOW TO INPUT EARTHQUAKE LOAD ?

EARTHQUAKE DESIGN For Comilla

PGA for MCE = 0.2g

RESPONSE SPECTRUM OF EL-CENTRO EARTHQUAKE FOR 5% DAMPING

Design Acceleration Response Spectrum

Seismic zone coefficient, Z

= 0.20 = 1.0 = 1.15

Structure importance factor, I Soil coefficient, S

Force-Resisting Structural System = OMRF

Response reduction factor , R

3.2 3.4 3.6 3.8

A TYPICAL RESPONSE SPECTRUM CURVE AS PER BNBC/2013

0.2 0.6 2.0 1.15 1.0 5 0.2 SC

sec sec sec 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

Design Acceleration Response Spectrum

DUCTILITY IN STRUCTURE IN SIMPLE WORD DUCTILITY MEANS ABILITY TO DEFORM

USE DUCTILE REINFORCING MATERIAL MAKE DUCTILE DETAILING OF JOINTS

GENERALIZED FORCE DEFORMATION CURVE OF STRUCTURES

COMPARISON OF MEMBER DUCTILITY FOR DIFFERENT STEEL MATERIAL

COMPARISON OF MEMBER DUCTILITY FOR DIFFERENT STEEL MATERIAL

500 GRADE GENERAL STEEL

500 GRADE BSRM EXTREME

COMMON MISTAKES IN STRUCTURAL DESIGN OF BUILDING

BASIC LIMITATON OF THE PRACTICING CIVIL ENGINEER?

DO NOT UNDERSTAND CONTRACT

CAN NOT WRITE REPORTS

WE HAVE NO UNDERSTANDING ON SECONDARY LOADS e.g. CREEP, SHRINKAGE.

COMMON MISTAKES WE DO IN FOUNDATION DESIGN

WE NEVER CALCULATE SETTLEMENT

NEVER CHECK CRACK DEFLECTION & VIBRATION.

Good Construction Results in Safe Structure

Three most important Issues for Good Concrete Construction

Water-Cement Ratio Compaction Curing

COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF CONCRETE

Water Cement Ratio VS Compressive Strength

NEVER touch the reinforcement with the poker.

COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF CONCRETE

COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF CONCRETE

LAST BUT NOT THE LEAST

NEVER EVER DO THESE MISTAKES

Any design work without calculation.

CIVIL ENGINEERING IS NOT A WHITE COLLAR JOB.

Feel free to knock me at:

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