THESIS PAPER PRESENTATION

LOAD TEST ON MULTILAYER REINFORCED COAL ASH SLOPE

By Gurdeep Singh Under the Guidance of: Dr. J.N.Jha, Prof. & Head, Civil Engg. Department, GNDEC, Ludhiana Associate Prof. K.S. Gill,

INTRODUCTION
2

Sometimes foundations need to be rested on the slope itself. Eg: Construction of highway embankments in hilly regions or foundation of retaining wall on hill slopes. In such cases we need to improve bearing capacity of soil. Best possible way is to improve the bearing capacity of footing by reinforcing the sloped fill with the layers of geogrid. If good soil is not locally available then in that case transportation, replacement and batching of soil will involve a huge amount of money.

POSSIBLE SOLUTION AND THEIR ADVANTAGE

3

Use of industrial wastes like Coal ash (low bearing capacity) after in-situ treatment with reinforcements can be good alternative. Locally available industrial wastes can reduce the construction cost apart from encouraging the sustainable development and reducing the environmental problems. Possibility of using Coal ash sloped fill reinforced with geogrid layer, if found effective, may become one of the promising areas for bulk utilization of coal ash.

POSSIBLE SOLUTION AND THEIR ADVANTAGE

4

Coal ash being produced in large quantities possess huge disposal problem, so its utilization is very important & is the need of present time for environment protection. Reinforced coal ash, whether it is fly ash or pond ash offers several advantages over various soil types : 1. Being light in weight, exerts less pressure on subgrade (50% of pressure exerted by coarse soil). 2. Being non-plastic, solves the problem of dimensional instability as exhibited by plastic soils.

PROBLEM FORMULATION
5

To study the behaviour of shallow footings on unreinforced & multilayer reinforced coal ash slope under the centrally applied loading when parameters such as slope angle, footing width and vertical spacing between reinforcement layers were kept constant. The effect of following variables has to be studied: Embedment ratio (z/B) No. of reinforcing layers (N)

SCHEMATIC VEIW OF TEST CONFIGURATION

6

SCHEMATIC VEIW COMPONENTS

7

1. 2.

3.
4. 5. 6. 7.

Model Footing Rectangular Loading Piece Load from Hydraulic Actuator Geogrid layer (Reinforcement) Ash Slope Bed of test tank Side Wall of test tank

EXPERIMENTAL SET UP
8
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11.

12.

Data Taker instrument Laptop Loading Frame Hydraulic Actuator Loading Cell Cylindrical Loading Piece LVDT-1 LVDT-2 Model Footing(Wooden) Ash Slope Compacted Ash Model Connecting Wires

MULTIPURPOSE REACTION FRAME

9

TEST TANK
10

Rectangular steel tank of size 4650 mm x 2000 mm x 1500 mm

HYDRAULIC ACTUATOR & LOAD CELL

11

LVDT ALONG WITH MODEL FOOTING

12

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DATA TAKER INSTRUMENT & LAPTOP ALONG WITH LOADING ARRANGEMENT

COMPACTION CONTROL
14

WATER CONTENT CONTROL

Pond ash was compacted in 5 layers (each layer of 250 mm)inside the test tank to achieve final compacted layer of 200 mm Dry pond ash was weighed & % of water corresponding to O.M.C was added to each layer of pond ash

DRY DENSITY CONTROL

No. of Passes
15

10

15

20

25

Dry Density (kN/m3)

10.8 10.6

9.5

10.15

10.5

10.6

Dry Density (kN/m3)

10.4 10.2

10
9.8 9.6 9.4 0 5 10 15 20 25 30

No. of Passes

MATERIALS USED
16

Pond ash collected from Guru Gobind Singh Super Thermal Power Plant, Ropar was used for slope preparation Geogrid (SGi-040) was used as reinforcement

REINFORCEMENT SPECIFICATIONS
17

S No. 1. 2. 3.

Geogrid Property Thickness Aperture Size Cross Machine direction properties :

Value 0.27 mm 60 mm x 23 mm (Rectangular Opening)

(a)
(b) (c) 4.

Single Rib Tensile Strength

Single Rib Elongation at designated load No. of Ribs per meter Machine direction properties :

33.9 kN/m
10.3 % (at 30 kN/m) 38

(a)
(b) (c)

Single Rib Tensile Strength

Single Rib Elongation at designated load No. of Ribs per meter

43.4 kN/m
11 % (at 40 kN/m) 37

SOURCE : STRATA GEOSYSTEMS PVT. LTD, DAMAN, INDIA

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PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF POND ASH

19

S No. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

Parameter Specific Gravity(G) Plasticity Maximum Dry Density (kN/m3) Optimum Moisture Content(%) Angle of internal friction() Cohesion (kN/m2) Permeability (cm/sec) Coefficient of uniformity(Cu) Coefficient of curvature (Cc)

Value 2.10 Non Plastic 11.01 kN/m3 27.4% 33o 1 kN/m2 1.24 x 10-4 cm/sec 8.56 1.41

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF POND AS

20

S No. 1. 2. 3.

Constituents present Loss of ignition Silica(SiO2) Alumina(Al2O3)

Value (%) 4.52 56.32 30.87

4.
5. 6.

Iron Oxide(FeO2)
Magnesium Oxide(MgO) Calcium Oxide(CaO)

4.94
1.58 0.70

SOURCE : GGSS THERMAL POWER PLANT, RO

VARIABLES OF TEST PROGRAMME

21

S No. 1. 2.

Type of test Unreinforced slope Reinforced slope multiple layer (N = 2)

Constant Parameters B = 300 mm, = 45o B = 300 mm, = 45o z/B = 0.25,0.50 B = 300 mm, = 45o z/B = 0.50,0.75 B = 300 mm, = 45o z/B = 0.75,1.0

Variable Parameters De/B = 1.0,2.0,3.0 De/B = 1.0,2.0,3.0

2(a).

Reinforced slope multiple layer (N = 2)

De/B = 1.0,2.0,3.0

2(b).

Reinforced slope multiple layer (N = 2)

De/B = 1.0,2.0,3.0

3.

Reinforced slope
multiple layer (N = 3)

B = 300 mm, = 45o

z/B = 0.25,0.50,0.75 B = 300 mm, = 45o z/B = 0.50,0.75,1.0

De/B = 1.0,2.0,3.0

3(a).

Reinforced slope multiple layer (N = 3)

De/B = 1.0,2.0,3.0

4.

Reinforced slope
multiple layer (N = 4)

B = 300 mm, = 45o

z/B=0.25,0.50, 0.75,1.0

De/B = 1.0,2.0,3.0

TEST RESULTS
22

For the study of unreinforced slope, De/B = 1, 2, 3 was taken into account For the study of multilayer reinforced slope, following variables were taken into account N = 2, z/B = (0.25, 0.50), (0.50, 0.75), (0.75, 1) & De/B = 1, 2, 3 N = 3, z/B = (0.25, 0.50, 0.75), (0.50, 0.75, 1) & De/B = 1, 2, 3

N = 4, z/B = (0.25, 0.50, 0.75, 1) & De/B = 1, 2, 3

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LOAD SETTLEMENT CURVES OF DIFFERENT De/B FOR UNREINFORCED SLOPE

Load (kN)
0 0 20 40 60 80 100

Settlement (mm)

De/B
10 1 2 15 3

20

= 45o

25

30

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BEARING CAPACITY RESULTS FOR N=2 WITH DIFFERENT z/B RATIO & De/B=1,2,3
z/B ratio BC for De/B = 1 BC for De/B = 2 BC for De/B = 3

0.25,0.50

80

98

117

0.50,0.75

76

91

112

0.75,1

70

89

100

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BEARING CAPACITY RESULTS FOR N=3 WITH DIFFERENT z/B RATIO & De/B=1,2,3
z/B ratio BC for De/B = 1 BC for De/B = 2 BC for De/B = 3

0.25, 0.50, 0.75

90

125

160

0.50, 0.75, 1

83

119

134

BEARING CAPACITY RESULTS FOR N=4 WITH DIFFERENT z/B RATIO & De/B=1,2,3
26

z/B ratio

BC for De/B = 1

BC for De/B = 2

BC for De/B = 3

0.25, 0.50, 0.75, 1

95

128

167

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LOAD-SETTLEMENT CURVES AT DIFFERENT NUMBER OF GEOGRID LAYERS FOR De/B =1

Load (kN)
0 0 20 40 60 80 100 120

N UR

Settlement (mm)

10 1 15 2

20

De/B=1 = 45o

3 4

25

LOAD-SETTLEMENT CURVES AT DIFFERENT NUMBER OF GEOGRID LAYERS FOR De/B = 2

28 Load (kN)
0 0 50 100 150 200 250

Settlement (mm)

N 10 UR 1 15 2 20

De/B=2 = 45o

3 4

25

LOAD-SETTLEMENT CURVES AT DIFFERENT NUMBER OF GEOGRID LAYERS FOR De/B = 3

29 Load (kN)
0 0 50 100 150 200 250

5 N

Settlement (mm)

10

UR 1

15 2 20

De/B=3 = 45o

3 4

25

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BCR RESULTS OF DIFFERENT N FOR De/B =1,2,3

No. of geogrid layers (N) BCR for De/B = 1 BCR for De/B = 2 BCR for De/B = 3

1 2 - Z/B = (0.75,1)

1.10 1.25

1.17 1.53

1.24 1.63

3- Z/B = (0.50,0.75,1) 4

1.48

2.05

2.19

1.57

2.21

2.37

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BCR VS NUMBER OF GEOGRID LAYERS FOR DIFFERENT De/B RATIOS

2.50 =45o

2.00

De/B 1.50

BCR

1 2 3 0.50

1.00

0.00 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5

No.of geogrid layers (N)

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LOAD FOR DIFFERENT N AT A PARTICULAR SETTLEMENT (S = 15 MM) WITH De/B = 1

Load (kN)
0 20 40 60 80 100 120

5 N UR 1 15 2 20 3

Settlement (mm)

10

25

De/B=1 = 45o

30

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LOAD FOR DIFFERENT N AT A PARTICULAR SETTLEMENT (S = 15 MM) WITH De/B = 2

Load (kN)
0 0 50 100 150 200 250

Settlement (mm)

10

UR 1

15 2

20

De/B=2 = 45o

3 4

25

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LOAD FOR DIFFERENT NAT A PARTICULAR SETTLEMENT (S = 15 MM) WITH De/B = 3

Load (kN)
0 0 50 100 150 200 250

Settlement (mm)

N 10 UR 1 15 2 20

De/B=3 = 45o

3 4

25

LOAD FOR DIFFERENT NO. OF GEOGRID LAYERS (N) AT S=15 MM WITH De/B = 1, 2, 3
35

No. of geogrid layers (N)

Load at

Load at

Load at

De/B = 1

De/B = 2

De/B = 3

0 1 2 - Z/B = (0.75,1) 3- Z/B = (0.50,0.75,1) 4

55 70 78 85

60 90 138 152

65 97 147 158

94

162

168

LOAD VS N AT S=15 MM WITH De/B = 1, 2, 3

36
180 160 140

= 45o

Load (kN)

120 100 80 60 40 20 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 De/B

1 2 3

Number of geogrid layers (N)

FAILURE PATTERN FOR UNREINFORCED SLOPE

37

FAILURE PATTERN FOR REINFORCED SLOPE

38

FAILURE PATTERN FOR De/B = 3

39

FAILURE PATTERN ALONG THE FOOTING

40

5. CONCLUSIONS
41

Reinforced pond ash slopes are cost-effective alternatives for new construction where good material is not locally available for attaining stable steeper slopes. The behaviour of shallow footings on multilayer reinforced pond ash slope were greatly affected by distance of footing from the edge of slope (De/B), embedment ratio (z/B) and no. of reinforcement layers (N). The load carrying capacity of the footing resting on top of a pond ash slope is low for unreinforced case but for multilayer reinforced case, there is a improvement in the load carrying capacity of footings located on such slopes. The edge distance (De) from the slope crest greatly effects the load carrying capacity of unreinforced as well

CONCLUSIONS CONT
42

The load capacity of the footing is maximum for z/B = 0.25, 0.50 and minimum for z/B = 0.75, 1. This concludes that lesser the z/B ratio for 2 layers of geogrid, more is the bearing capacity & vice versa. Similar results are obtained for N = 3. The load carrying capacity of footing located on top of a multilayer reinforced pond ash slope increases with increase in number of reinforcing layers for all the edge distances and adopted in the present study. However, the increase is significant up to three number of reinforcing layers (N = 3) and thereafter the increase is only marginal. BCR also shows similar results.

CONCLUSIONS CONT
43

Loads at a particular settlement (S=15 mm) for different number of layers (N) with varying De/B ratio increases with the increase in no. of geogrid layers (N). So maximum load was achieved in case of N = 4. Increase is significant up to three number of reinforcing layers (N = 3) and thereafter the increase is only marginal.

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