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are names of persons, places, animals, things, or events. are expressed in number singular and plural forms.
Makati is a city.
Sarah is a doctor. Valentines Day is on the 14th of February.
1. Take note of how nouns change from the singular to the plural form: Singular (-s) Plural (+s/+es)
week
box country
weeks
boxes countries
2. Some compound nouns form their plural by adding s at the end of the word. bookcase-bookcases bathroom-bathrooms schoolhouse-schoolhouses
3. Some compound nouns form their plural by adding s to the first word. mother-in-law mothers-in-law lady-in-waiting ladies-in-waiting
4. Nouns ending in ful form their plural by adding s at the end. cupful-cupfuls handful-handfuls mouthful-mouthfuls 5. Letters, figures, signs, and words regarded merely as words form their plural by adding s (apostrophe s).
Mind your bs and vs. Your 4s and 6s are not clear. He will not accept any ifs and buts.
6. Possessive nouns
loaf-loaves
half-halves
8. Certain irregular nouns have special plural forms. one foot, two feet
a mouse, many mice
9. There are certain word endings that show that a word is a noun, for example: -ity > nationality -ment > appointment -ness > happiness -ation > relation -hood > childhood
10. Nouns often come after a determiner (a determiner is a word like a, an, the, this, my, such):
a relief the doctor my house an afternoon this word such stupidity
11. Nouns often come after one or more adjectives: a great relief a peaceful afternoon the tall, Indian doctor this difficult word my brown and white house such crass stupidity
KINDS OF NOUNS
How to quantify nouns a piece of news a bottle of water a grain of rice We can use some and any with countable nouns: We can use some and any with uncountable nouns: I've got some money. Have you got any rice? We can use a little and much with uncountable nouns: I've got a little money. I haven't got much rice.
trio
committee
audience
gang family staff
team pack
colony herd
clump stack
pod bundle
5. COMPOUND
flashlight, doghouse, high school, seat belt, editor-in-chief, great-grandfather
EXERCISE 1
Practice pluralizing the following terms:
1. reflex 2. Axis 3. murmur 4. extremity 5. adnexa 6. knee 7. tooth 8. mumps 9. roof 10.crisis 11. species 12. bacterium 13. scrotum 14. datum 15. diagnosis 16. ass 17. artery 18. exostosis 19. liter 20. child 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. prognosis pharynx allergy lens measles
ANSWERS
1.reflexes 2.axes 3.murmurs 4.extremities 5.adnexa (plural of annexus) 6.knees 7.teeth 8.mumps 9.roofs
1O. crises 11. species (same) 12. bacteria 13. scrotums/scrota 14. data 15. diagnoses 16. asses 17. arteries 18. exostoses
EXERCISE 2
Identify the nouns in the following sentences and their kind.
1.Communication is a very important process to all people.
2.Nicole is filled with happiness today because justice has been served by the judge.
3.The ability to talk is a very powerful advantage. 4. Mary could not catch the childrens ball. 5.The plane, one of the world's fastest, just took off.
are words that replace nouns. have different kinds such as PERSONAL, REFLEXIVE, INDEFINITE, INTERROGATIVE, and INTENSIVE .
1. PERSONAL PRONOUNS
Used as A SUBJECT in a sentence
SUBJECTIVE
1ST
WE
We are gymnasts.
SUBJECTIVE
2nd
You
You have to attend the English class. It is you who should behave.
SUBJECTIVE
3rd
HE
He
is a medical transcriptionist.
SHE IT THEY
OBJECTIVE
1ST
ME
US
OBJECTIVE
2nd
YOU
OBJECTIVE
3rd
HIM HER
The judge sentenced him/her to life imprisonment. Show it to me. Give them time to think.
IT
THEM
POSSESSIVE
1ST
MINE OURS
POSSESSIVE
3rd
HERS HIS
ITS
THEIRS
2. REFLEXIVE
1st
myself, ourselves
2nd
3rd
yourself, yourselves
himself, herself, itself, themselves
4. RELATIVE
5. INDEFINITE: Singular: another, anybody, anyone, somebody, anything, one, each, either, everyone, everybody, everything, neither, nobody, no one, someone
INDEFINITE:
Plural: both, several, many, few Singular/Plural: some, none, most, all, any
6. INTERROGATIVE:
who, whom, whose, what, which
What do we have for lunch?
EXERCISE 3
Identify the pronouns used in the following sentences. Opposite each pronoun, name the kind.
1. Im so excited! We have two weeks off! What are you going to do? 2. Where is Amelia? Is she in school?
4.This is the best you can do? 5.The principal suspended those students for two days.
ANSWERS
1. Im so excited! We have two weeks off! What are you going to do? I-personal you-personal
We-personal
what-interrogative
Where-interrogative
She-personal
3. They will not let you and me go with them. They, you, me, them=personal
4.This is the best you can do? this=demonstrative you=personal 5. The principal suspended those students for two days.
those=demonstrative
6. Whoever crosses this line first will win the race. whoever=relative
this=demonstrative
7. Few will be chosen; fewer will finish.
few, fewer=indefinite
8. You paid yourself a million dollars?
you=personal
yourself=reflexive
9. Who will help me? who=interrogative me=personal 10. Juanita, Carlos, and I have deceived ourselves into believing in my uncle. I=personal ourselves=reflexive my=personal, possessive adjective
Identify all the nouns in the sentences below. Give the kind of each.
PRESENT ILLNESS: This 68-year-old Caucasian male with a history of hypertension and congestive heart failure was apparently in good health, although he had failed to follow up on his office appointments, and ran out of refills on probably his Lasix 1 week ago. The patient shortly thereafter had some slight precordial chest pain which resolved.
PRESENT ILLNESS: This 68-year-old Caucasian male with a history of hypertension and congestive heart failure was apparently in good health, although he had failed to follow up on his office appointments, and ran out of refills on probably his Lasix 1 week ago. The patient shortly thereafter had some slight precordial chest pain which resolved.
Identify all the pronouns in the sentences below. Give the kind of each.
The precordial chest pain returned again. The patient obtained good relief with nitro sublingual. The patient has also been on Calan and Micro-K, which he has continued to take. He has had no chills or fever. No nausea, emesis, or diarrhea. No unusual color change. He did complain of being somewhat diaphoretic and dizzy with the chest pain.
The precordial chest pain returned again. The patient obtained good relief with nitro sublingual. The patient has also been on Calan and Micro-K, which he has continued to take. He has had no chills or fever. No nausea, emesis, or diarrhea. No unusual color change. He did complain of being somewhat diaphoretic and dizzy with the chest pain.
1. the history of hypertension and congestive heart failure of a 68-year-old Caucasian male 2. the office appointments of the patient
Kinds of Nouns Proper, common, abstract, concrete, countable, uncountable, collective, compound
Kinds of Pronouns
Personal, interrogative, relative, reflexive, indefinite, demonstrative, numerical, intensive