VOICE OVER INTERNET

PROTOCOL

SUBMITTED BY -
ASWATHI S.
ROLL NO. - 11
S7 - IT
18,2009
July 18, 2009 1
OBJECTI
VE
INTRODUCTION
HOW VoIP WORKS?
ADVANTAGES
AND
DISADVANTAGES
APPLICATIONS
July 18, 2009 2
 an evergreen
technology that
goes on
July 18, 2009 3
• VoIP was born back in the “stone age
of the internet ” that is 1995,
developed by a team of computer
enthusiasts in Israel.
• The earliest form of VoIP was
Internet phone software.
• Over a period of more than a decade
several transformation took place and
today it is the real VoIP.
• This is an evergreen technology in
communication and still more
modification will make it more and
more useful to the world.
July 18, 2009 4
 VoIP definition
• Voice over IP (VoIP) is a technology
that allows voice conversation to be
conducted over the Internet (hence
IP,for Internet Protocol) instead of
plain old telephone system (POTS).

July 18, 2009 5

• Skype provides VoIP technology.
• What makes VoIP an interesting
technology is that it is set to
revolutionize the way ordinary
telephone conversations are
conducted!!!!
• The main users of VoIP service:
• Residential home users
• Small Business or Home Office

July 18, 2009 6

 Also known as:

• IP telephony.
• Internet telephony.
• Voice over
broadband(VoBB).
• Broadband telephony.
• Broadband phone.

July 18, 2009 7

How VoIP
work????

July 18, 2009 8

In simple words,
VoIP is ……
method for taking analog audio
signals, like the kind you hear
when you talk on the phone, and
turning them into digital data
that can be transmitted over
the Internet.

July 18, 2009 9

Telephone
v/s VoIP
 POTS works by setting up a dedicated
channel (or circuit) between two points
for the duration of the call. These
systems are based on copper wires
carrying analog voice data over the
dedicated circuits-Circuit Switching.

 Within VoIP, the analog signal is

broken in to packets that are
delivered to the other end by various
routes on the Internet-Packet
Switching.
July 18, 2009 10
How VoIP
works????
 The first step is conversion of voice to
bits and bytes, otherwise known as
digitized.
 Voice is sampled, a process that
divides the analog sound into discrete
bits of data that are assigned a
numerical value.
 Once digitized, the data can then
easily be compressed.

July 18, 2009 11

 The digitized and compressed data
can the split up into packets of
1500bytes for transmission over
the internet.
 The packet also contain
information about the packets
orgin,the intended destination, and
a timestamp that allows packet to
be reconstructed in correct order.
 Once these packets arrive at the
destination they are put back
together and converted back into
analog sound.

July 18, 2009 12

HOW VOIP
WORKS?
 Steps involved …………
1.Conversion of analog
voice signal to digital
format
2.Compression/translation
of the signal into IP
packets for transmission
over the internet
 Process is reversed at the
receiving end.
July 18, 2009 13
 VoIP systems employ Session control
protocols to control the set-up and
tear-down of calls.
How does
 In addition to IP, VoIP uses the real-
VoIP
time carry
protocol (RTP) to help ensure
that packets get delivered in a timely
out these
way
steps???
 And audio codecs which encode speech
allowing transmission over an IP n/w as
digital audio via an audio stream.

July 18, 2009 14

Role of a
Codecs in
VoIP???
 A codec, stands for coder-decoder.

 Converts an audio signal into

compressed digital form for
transmission and then back into an
uncompressed audio signal for replay.

 VoIP employs encoding schemes and

compression technology to reduce the
size of the voice packets so they
can be transmitted more efficiently.

July 18, 2009 15

 Codecs accomplish the conversion by
sampling the audio signal several
thousand times per second.
 There are different sampling rates in
VoIP depending on the codec being
used.
 Use the CS-ACELP (conjugate-structure
algebraic-code-excited-linear
prediction) algorithm to sample, sort,
compress and packetize audio data.

July 18, 2009 16

 Annex B is an aspect of CS-ACELP
that creates the transmission rule,
which basically states "if no one is
talking, don't send any data.“
 The efficiency created by this rule is
one of the greatest ways in which
packet switching is superior to circuit
switching.
 It's Annex B in the CS-ACELP
algorithm that's responsible for the
above aspect of the VoIP call.
July 18, 2009 17
Hardware
Required
 Basically three things are required:
• High speed broadband internet
connection
• Standard home phone (almost
anyone will do)
• VoIP adapter

July 18, 2009 18

VoIP Software
 VoIP software is commonly used to
emulate the functions of a telephone
using your desktop, laptop, or Pocket
PC. This type of arrangement is known
as a soft phone.
 Skype is probably the most popular
VoIP software and is available for
free. Windows, Mac, Linux and
PocketPC versions available.

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Methods of
connecting to
VoIP service
providers….
Analog Telephone
Adapter(ATA).
VoIP phones
Internet phone/Digital
phone.

July 18, 2009 20

1.Analog
Telephone
Adapter.
 The simplest and most common way.
 The ATA is an analog-to-digital
converter.
 An ATA is connected b/w an IP
network (broadband connection) and a
telephone.

July 18, 2009 21

connecting an analog
phone to a VoIP
provider.

July 18, 2009 22

July 18, 2009 23
Working of
an ATA.
 You pick up the receiver, which sends
a signal to the ATA.
 The ATA receives the signal and
sends a dial tone. This lets you know
that you have a connection to the
Internet.
 You dial the phone number of the
party you wish to talk to. The tones
are converted by the ATA into
digital data and temporarily stored.
July 18, 2009 24
 The phone number data is sent in the
form of a request to your VoIP
company's call processor. The call
processor checks it to ensure that
it's in a valid format.
 The call processor determines to
whom to map the phone number. In
mapping, the phone number is
translated to an IP address.

July 18, 2009 25

1. The soft switch connects the two
devices on either end of the call. On
the other end, a signal is sent to your
friend's ATA, telling it to ask the
connected phone to ring.
2. Once your friend picks up the phone,
a session is established between your
computer and your friend's computer.
3. You talk for a period of time. During
the conversation, your system and
your friend's system transmit
packets back and forth when there is
data to be sent.
July 18, 2009 26
1. The ATAs at each end translate
these packets as they are received
and convert them to the analog audio
signal that you hear.
 You finish talking and hang up the
receiver.
 When you hang up, the circuit is
closed between your phone and the
ATA.
 The ATA sends a signal to the soft
switch connecting the call,
terminating the session.
July 18, 2009 27
2.VoIP
phones.
 These are phones that allow VoIP calls
without use of a computer.
 They can be connected directly to the
IP network (using technologies such as
Wi-Fi or Ethernet).
 Has e-mail-like IDs for contacts that
may be easier to remember than
names or phone numbers.

July 18, 2009 28

3.Internet
phone
 This is a piece of software that can be
installed on a computer.
 Allows VoIP calling without a
dedicated hardware.
 Also known as Soft-phone or Digital
phone.
 Advantage—ability of having a fixed
phone number which you can move to
any country or location.

July 18, 2009 29

VoIP: call
monitoring
• To analyze and fix call quality issues, a
technique called VoIP call monitoring is
used.
• Also known as quality monitoring (QM).
• Mean opinion score (MOS)-measure of
quality.
• An MOS of 3.5 or above = "good call"

July 18, 2009 30

measured in
terms of
1following….
Latency: This is the time delay
between two ends of a VoIP
phone conversation.
 Jitter: It is latency caused by
packets arriving late or in the
wrong order
 Packet loss: Measured as a
percentage of lost packets to
received packets.

July 18, 2009 31

ADVANTAGES of
VoIP
VoIP uses packet switching.
You can use the service almost
anywhere in the world, as long as there
is a high speed internet connection.
Provides security through encryption.
Provide features such as voicemail,
caller ID, call forwarding and more.
 Normally you would pay extra for
these features with the phone or
cellular companies.

July 18, 2009 32

Disadvantage
of VoIP
With VoIP, no power means no phone. A
stable power source must be created
for VoIP.
No way to integrate products like
Digital video recorders, digital
subscription TV services and home
security systems with VoIP.
VoIP is susceptible to worms, viruses
and hacking(but rare).

July 18, 2009 33

Applications of
VoIP
Long-distance communication
• Allows you to call overseas for
free, or at low rates.
Web conferencing
• Allows several times more
participants than traditional web
conferencing (up to 60 members).

July 18, 2009 34

 Office Intranet
• Large offices use a local VoIP
network to channel an
internet connection throughout
the building, creating an
efficient and low-cost local
intranet.
• This can connect all departments
to a single unit, replacing the
traditional trunk line

July 18, 2009 35

 Business Applications
• Popular among businesses because
of the potential savings it offers.
• Allows owners to conduct board
meetings and talk to clients from
inside the office.
• Provides opportunities for
expanding a company's reach to
customers.

July 18, 2009 36

Conclusion…..
 VoIP is a good way to get a cheap
business line for a home-based
business that’s available during office
hours only.

 In short, in future it is likely that a

major chunk of calls using regular
telephones will be over the internet.
As such the VoIP has a very
prominent role in this field.

July 18, 2009 37

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