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UNIT -1
INTRODUCTION TO POWER SYSTEMS
Need
for protection Nature and causes of faults Types of faults Fault current calculation using symmetrical components Power system earthing Zones of protection Primary and back up protection Essential qualities of protection Typical protection schemes.
No of lectures Assignments
Class test
Subject presentation
TEXT BOOKS
Badri ram , D.N.Vishwakarma, power system protection & switchgear , Tata McGraw hill publishing company ltd, New Delhi. C.L Wadhwa , electrical power systems , New Age International (p) limited. B. Ravindranath, and N. Chander, Power System Protection & Switchgear, Wiley Eastern Ltd., 1977. Sunil S. Rao, Switchgear and Protection, Khanna publishers, New Delhi, 1986 .
POWER FLOW
Fire exists System voltage reduces to low level and generators in power station may lose synchronism By un cleared fault to cause for failure of the system
To protect the system from faults need to use automatic protective devices like
short circuits Over speed of generators & motors Over voltage Under frequency Loss of excitation Over heating of stator& rotor of an alternator
CAUSES OF FAULTS
Birds bodies touch the phases Direct lighting strokes Snakes Ice Snow loading Earth quakes
AVERAGE 400 KV LINE FAULT FREQUENCY STATISTICS BY FAULT CAUSE PER 100 KM PER YEAR
TYPES OF FAULTS
Unsymmetrical faults
Single phase to ground fault(L-G) Line to line fault(L-L) Double line to ground fault(L-L-G) Open circuited phases fault Winding faults
Symmetrical faults
3phases to ground fault(LLLG) 3phase fault
SYMMETRICAL FAULTS
All 3 phases are short circuited In case of symmetrical fault current is equally shared by the 3phases In symmetrical to analysis fault by one phase only Only +Ve sequence component exist in symmetrical Remaining two components always zero.
one or more phase conductors break cable joint or a joint on the over head lines fails
Fault rises when C.Bs or isolators open but fail to close one or more phases
WINDING FAULTS
SIMULTANEOUS
FAULTS
PERCENTAGES OF
L-G L-L
LL-G
3 PHASE
10-8%
3-2%
EFFECTS OF FAULTS
Heavy short circuit current cause to damage to equipment Arcs associated with short circuits may cause fire Reduction in the supply voltage of the healthy feeders Loss of industrial loads Heating rotating machines due to reduction in the supply V&I Loss of stability
ZONES OF PROTECTION
Separate protective schemes for each piece of equipment or element of the power system. dependence on the equipment divided in to a number of the zones Each zone covers one or a the most two elements of the power systems The protective zone plan to cover the entire power system. Adjacent protective zones must over lap each other A relatively low extent of over lap reduces the probability of faults in that region. Tripping of too many breakers does not occurs frequently.
EXAMPLE
BACK UP RELAY
It operates after a time delay to give the primary relay sufficient time to operate. When a back up relay operates a larger time of the power system is disconnected from the power sources. Types of back up relays are
REMOTE BACK UP
It is widely used for back up protection of transmission lines Most desirable It will not fail due to the factors causing the failure of the primary protection
RELAY BACK UP
Additional relay is provided for protection. It trips the same CB if the primary relay fails and this operation takes place with out delay. Costly Used where back up is not possible.
BREAKER BACK UP
Bus bar fault : When protective relay operates in response to a fault but the C.B fails to trip, the fault is treated as a bus bar fault. used for bus bar system , where a number of C.BS are connected to it. At time of bus bar fault , necessary that all other C.Bs on the bus bar should trip.
BACK UP PROTECTION
Breaker 5 Fails C A D E
2 T
11
12
10
QUALITIES OF PROTECTION
SELECTIVITY
The selectivity of protective system dependence on quality of a protective relay It is able to discriminate between in the protected section & normal section. It should be able to distinguish whether a fault lies with in its zones of protection or outside the zone. The relay able to discriminate between a fault & transient conditions
CURRENT When a transformer is first energized, a transient current up to 10 to 50 times larger than the rated transformer current can flow for several cycles inrush happens when the primary winding is connected at an instant around the zero-crossing of the primary voltage (which for a pure inductance would be the current maximum in the AC cycle). In the absence of any magnetic remanance from a preceding half cycle, the effective magnetizing force is doubled compared to the steady state condition
RELIABILITY
The typical value of reliability of protective system is 95% reliability dependence on
SENSITIVITY
It dependences on pick up current value Pick up current:a protective relay should operate when the magnitude of the current exceeds the present value.
A relay should be sensitive to operate when the operating current just exceeds its pick up value.
STABILITY
FAST OPERATION
It means Isolate the faulty element quickly. To minimize damage to the equipment . To maintain system stability To avoid the loss of synchronism
The operating time of the protective system should not exceed the critical clearing time. protective relay to clear the fault.
A protective scheme is used to protect an equipment or a section of the line The protective schemes are Over current protection Distance protection Carrier current protection Differential protection
DISTANCE PROTECTION
It includes number of distance relays of same or different. Distance relay measures the distance between the relay location and the point of fault in terms of impedance, reactance Relay Type Measurement
1. 2. 3.
DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION
C.TS are placed on both side of each windings of a machine. The outputs of their secondaries are applied to the relay coils. The relay compare the current entering & leaving of a machine winding This difference in the current actuates the relay. In case of internal fault , the current values are not equal. The relay inoperative under normal condition and external fault. It is used for the protection of
Generators Transformers Motors of various size Bus zones
In bus zone protection, C.TS are placed on the both sides of the bus bar.
FAULT CURRENT
CALCULATION
SEQUENCE COMPONENTS
SYMMETRICAL VECTOR
FROM UNSYMMETRICAL VECTOR
SEQUENCE IMPEDANCE
SYMMETRICAL COMPONENTS OF
GENERATOR
POSITIVE SEQUENCE
IMPEDANCE
NEGATIVE
SEQUENCE IMPEDANCE
L-G FAULT
L-L FAULT
LL-G FAULT
NEUTRAL GROUNDING
The performance of the system in terms of the short circuits, protection etc. is greatly affected by the state of the neutral. There are various method of grounding the neutral of the system.
Solid grounding Resistance grounding Reactance grounding Voltage transformer grounding Zig-zag transformer grounding
UNGROUNDED SYSTEM
In
case of L-G fault at phase C charging current = 3*(per phase charging current) The voltages of the healthy phases rises to 0.866Vph These voltages can be eliminated by connecting an inductance of suitable value between the neutral and the ground or Arcing ground.
RESONANT GROUNDING
The value of the inductive reactance is such that the fault current balances exactly the charging current . Resonant grounding is also called ground fault neutralizer or Peterson coil.
The resonant grounding will reduce the line interruption due to transient line to ground fault.
SOLID GROUNDING
The neutral is connected directly to the ground with out any intentional impendence between neutral and the ground.
RESISTANCE GROUNDING
The value of the resistance commonly used is quite high (in order to limit power loss in resistor during LG-fault) as compared with the system reactance. It is normally used where the charging current is small i.e., for low voltage short length over head lines. It reduces the ground hazards. It has helped in improving the stability of the system during ground fault by replacing the power dropped as a result of low voltage, with an approximating equal power loss in the resistor. To limit the stator short current . Generators are normally provide with resistance grounding.
REACTANCE GROUNDING
Reactance grounding system (Xo/X1) >3 Solid grounding system (Xo/X1) < 3
Reactance grounding may be used for grounding the neutral of synchronous motors & synchronous capacitors and also for circuits having large charging current
For medium voltages 3.3kV & 33KV resistance or reactance grounding is used.
It is used , if neutral point is requied which other wise is not available (eg. Delta connection, bus bar points)
ADVANTAGES OF NEUTRAL
GROUNDING
Voltages of the phases are limited to phase to ground voltages The high voltages due to arcing grounding or transient line to ground faults are eliminated The over voltages due to lighting are discharged to ground
It is possible o maintain the supply with a fault on one line Interference with communication lines is reduced because of the absence of Zero sequence currents.