Cell Cycle and Cell Cycle

Regulation
COMPILED BY:
Bhuvanesh S.K.
III Sem M.Sc. Microbiology
Dayananda Sagar College of Biological Sciences,
Bangalore

Hithishi mam
Acknowledgements
Sushma mam
Dr. P S Roa
Dr. John B
Mrs. Shobha K Jayana
Mamata B mam
Divya mam (Guide)
Mamata TM mam
 OUTLINE
1. Phases of the cell cycle
– 1.1 M phase
– 1.2 Interphase
• 1.2.1 G1 phase
• 1.2.2 S phase
• 1.2.3 G2 phase
– 1.3 G0 phase
2. Regulation of cell cycle
– 2.1 Role of Cyclins and CDKs
• 2.1.1 General mechanism of cyclin-CDK interaction
• 2.1.2 Specific action of cyclin-CDK complexes
– 2.2 Cell cycle inhibitors
3. Checkpoints
4 Conclusion
5 References
Phases of the Cell Cycle

INTERPHASE (90%)
(the cell continuously grows)
• G1 phase: gap between M
and S phases
• S phase: DNA replication
• G2 phase: gap between S
and M phases

M PHASE (10%)
• Mitosis: nuclear division
• Cytokinesis: cytoplamatic
division
MITOSIS
Cytokinesis
 Real Pictures

Prophase Anaphase

Metaphase Telophase

Picture adopted from: http://www.micro.utexas.edu/courses/levin/bio304/genetics/celldiv.html

 Real Pictures
Anaphase

Interphase

Prophase

Telophase

Metaphase

Picture adopted from: http://www.uoguelph.ca/zoology/devobio/210labs/mitosis1.html

 Real Pictures
Late Prophase I Metaphase I Anaphase I Telophase I Interphase II

Prophase II Metaphase II Anaphase II Telophase II Cytokinesis

The comparison of meiosis and
mitosis
 Cell cycle proteins
1) Cyclins. Activator proteins that are up- or downregulated depending on the
phase of the cell cycle.
• Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs). Serine/threonine kinases that
require the binding of a cyclin (or related protein) for full activity. Their range
of substrates is not fully defined, but interfering with their activity arrests or
slows the cycle.
• Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors (CKIs). Small peptides that
block cyclin/CDK activity either by forming an inactive complex or by acting
as a competitive CDK ligand.
• DNA replication proteins. DNA polymerases and associated proteins
such as proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and mini-chromosome
maintenance (MCM) proteins, as well as proteins that assure that each
origin of replication initiates replication only once per cycle. These include
origin recognition complex (ORC) proteins, CDT1 and its suppressor,
geminin.
• Checkpoint proteins. Members of a network of proteins that monitor
DNA integrity and arrest the cell cycle until DNA damage can be repaired.
Leland H. Hartwell R. Timothy (Tim) Hunt Sir Paul M. Nurse

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or

Medicine 2001 "for their discoveries
of key regulators of the cell cycle"
 CYCLIN/CDK
tyr15-P
thr14-P
Regulated by:
-tyr15 phosphorylation cdk1
P-thr161
(cdc2)
• inhibitory kinases
• activating phosphatases
-direct interaction
• inhibitor- Wee1
•Activator-Cdc25 cyclin B
(a) Free CDK2
(b) Low-activity cyclin A−CDK2
(c) High-activity cyclin A−CDK2
Regulating a CDK
 Regulation
1960 Process 1995 Process
Description Description
 CONCLUSION
• Cancer
• Drug target
 DISCUSSION
?
bhuvanesh611@gmail.com or
bhuvu4u@yahoo.co.in