Generation of Electricity from Coal

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In this Presentation

Basic of Power Generation Combustion Process Power Plant Cycle Factors affecting Efficiency Boilers and Turbines Transmission of Power and Switching

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ENERGY SOURCES

RENEWABLE ENERGY 1. SOLAR ENERGY 2. WIND ENERGY 3. WAVE ENERGY 4. BIO DIESEL POWER 5. HYDEL POWER 6. GEOTHERMAL
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ENERGY SOURCES

NON RENEWABLE ENERGY 1. THERMAL POWER 2. GAS BASED POWER 3. NUCLEAR POWER

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ENERGY SOURCES

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How Generated electricity reached customer

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Simplified Diagram

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Coal to Electricity .. Basics

Pollutants

Coal

Super Heated Steam

Heat Loss In Condenser

Turbine Torque
Mech. Energy Loss

Alternating current in Stator

Elet. Energy Loss

Heat

ASH

Loss

Chemical Energy

Thermal Energy

Kinetic Energy

Electrical Energy

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Rankine Cycle

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To HP Turbine Mixer Header

To IP Turbine

Separator

FRH

FSH Platen Heater From CRH Line LTRH LTSH

From FRH Line Economizer Phase 1 Economizer Phase 2

Boiler Recirculation Pump

Bottom Ring Header

Why Coal?
Advantages of Coal Fuel Abundantly available in India Low cost Technology for Power Generation well developed. Shortcomings of Coal Low Calorific Value

Large quantity to be Handled

Produces pollutants, ash Disposal of ash is Problematic Reserves depleting fast

Easy to handle, transport, store and use

Indias Coal Reserves are estimated to be 260 billion tonnes. Present consumption is about 450 million tonnes. Cost of coal for producing 1 unit of electricity (Cost of coal Rs 1000/MT)is Rs 0.75.
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Knowing more about Coal

Coal Properties Calorific Value Grade of Coal (UHV) Proximate Analysis Ultimate Analysis Ash and Minerals Coal Transportation Rail

Truck
Conveyor Ship

Grindability
Rank Coal production Surface Mining Underground Mining Physical Characteristics

Coal production
Surface Mining Underground Mining

Coal Beneficiation
Why? Processes Effectiveness

Useful Heat Value (UHV) UHV= 8900-138(A+M)

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Coal Handling Plant

Wagon Tippler Stacker re-claimer

Bottom Discharge Wagon Coal Crusher

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Fuel Oil

Three liquid fuels used in power plants

1. Heavy Fuel Oil (HFO) 2. LSHS (Low Sulfur Heavy stock) 3. High speed Diesel (HSD) Oil firing is preceded by Lowering viscosity and increasing flowability on heating for better combustion in given turn down ratio.(125oC) Droplet formation on atomization (by steam/ compressed air/ mechanical pressurization) Combustion initiation by High energy spark ignition

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Carnot Cycle
Critical Point 221 bar-a, 371 deg-C Temp
e d b 2 a 1 3 c 4 g 5 6 f 6

Supercritical Cycle a-b-c-d-e-f-g-h-i-a

h 8

Subcritical Cycle 1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8-9-1 Entropy

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BOWL MILL

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Boiler Auxiliaries
Air Pre-heater : Air pre-heater transfer heat from flue gases to cold primary and/ or secondary air by means of rotating heating surface elements. Beneath this regenerative type air pre-heaters, there exists a steam coil air pre-heater. These are located in the secondary pass of the furnace at a height of around '16' M level. Each 200 MW unit is provided with two such air pre-heaters. Burners : As evident from the name itself, these are used for burning pulverised coal or oil. Every unit has a set of such burners located at different elevations of 10 October 2013 25 the furnace.

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Ljungstrom type Bisector

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Boiler Auxiliaries

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F.D.Fan : The forced draft fans (2 per unit - 50% capacity each) are designed for handling secondary air for the boiler. These fans are located at '0' M level near the PA Fan. Wind Box : These act as distributing media for supplying secondary/excess air to the furnace for combustion. These are generally located on the left and right sides of the furnace while facing the chimney. Scanner Fan : These fans, two per boiler, supply requisite air for scanner cooling.

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Boiler Auxiliaries

Electrostatic precipitator : These are generally two plate type located between boiler and the chimney. The precipitator is arranged for horizontal gas flow and is constructed with welded steel casings. ID Fans : There are two induced Draft fans per boiler located between the Electrostatic precipitator and the chimney. These fans are used for sucking flue gas from furnace.

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ESP

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Boiler/ steam generator

Steam generating device for a specific purpose.

Capable to meet variation in load demand Capable of generating steam in a range of operating pressure and temperature For utility purpose, it should generate steam uninterruptedly at operating
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Boiler/ steam generator

1.

Raw materials for design of boilers Coal from mines Ambient air Water from natural resources (river, ponds)

o o

2.

Generating heat energy Air for combustion Working fluid for steam generation, possessing heat energy

3.

A 500MW steam generator consumes about 8000 tonnes of coal every day It will be considered good, if it requires about 200 cubic meter of DM water in a day It will produce about 9500 tonnes of Carbon di Oxide every day
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Types of Boilers

Water Tube Boiler:

Here the heat source is outside the tubes and the water to be heated is inside. Most highpressure and large boilers are of this type. In the water-tube boiler, gases flow over water-filled tubes. These water-filled tubes are in turn connected to large 10 October 2013 containers called drums.

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Pictures of Some Components

Drum

In side Furnace
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PMI Revision 00

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Steam Turbine

Steam Turbine Stages:

Impulse Reaction

Steam Turbine Components

Control and Stop Valve HP/IP Turbine LP Turbine Rotor Bearings (Journal and Thrust) Turning Gear Front Pedestal Condenser
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Generator

Principle of electricity Generation Generator Construction

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Stator Core

Cooler Insert Cover Rotor fan

End Shield

Wdg Overhang
Oil Catcher Rotor

Bearing Shaft Seal

Stator
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Terminal Bushing
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Main Parts of Turbogenerator

Steaming Capacity

Large boiler capacities are often given in Tonnes of steam evaporated per hour under specified steam conditions

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ARRANGEMENT OF MAIN BOILER (STEAM GENERATOR)

A STEAM GENERATOR IS A COMPLEX INTEGRATION OF THE FOLLOWING ACCESSORIES: * ECONOMISER * BOILER DRUM * DOWN COMERS * CCW PUMPS * BOTTOM RING HEADER * WATER WALLS
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* LTSH * DIV PANEL * PLATEN SH * REHEATER * BURNERS * APHs

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Tangential Firing System

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Steam Flows from Boiler to turbine

Bypass

Turbine

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Turbine are multistage

The steam turbine is a form of heat engine that derives much of its improvement in thermodynamic efficiency from the use of multiple stages in the expansion of the steam

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Generator Transformer

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Switchyard One line Diagram

Transfer Bus 400 KV Main Bus II Main Bus I

Bus Isolator

CB CB CB Transfer Bus Bay

GT 20.5/400KV
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Gen Bay

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Feeder Bay

SF6 CB

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Power Generation, Transmission and Distribution

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THANK YOU
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