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=
)
`
+
)
`
Le
L h
K
h
M
ij ij
u
u
divide by
2
m
u
e
2
2 2
2
2
2
0
1
1
0
h
T
K
m x h
h
x r K
m
L
m
Le
m
u
u
u u
u u u
u
e
u e
u
e
e
e
(
(
(
(
+
` `
(
(
)
)
(
=
`
)
START
FINISH
)
`
=
)
`
+
)
`
0
0
0
0
u
u
u u
u
h
K
K
h
I mx
mx m
T
h
Warning algebra!!!!
Purdue Aeroelasticity
19-10
Purdue Aeroelasticity
19-11
Define new collections of terms
=
)
`
(
(
(
(
+
)
`
2
2
2
T
2
h
2
2
m
Le
m
L
h
m
K
0
0
m
K
h
r x
x 1
1
u
u
u
u
u u
u
u
e
e
u
e
e
u e
=
)
`
(
(
(
+
)
`
2
2
2
2
2
h
2
2
m
Le
m
L
h
r 0
0 h
r x
x 1
1
u
u
u
u
u u
u
u
e
e
u
e
e
u e
Purdue Aeroelasticity
19-12
Aerodynamic loads in terms of
displacements
2
2
2
0 1
0
L
L
qSC m h
Le e m
m
o
u
u
u
e
u e
e
(
=
` `
(
)
)
2
2
2 2 2
2
0 1 0 1
1
0
0
h
L
qSC x h h
h
x r e m
r
o
u
u
u u u u
u
e
e
u u e e
u
(
( (
(
+ =
` ` `
( (
(
) )
)
(
Purdue Aeroelasticity
19-13
Finally - free vibration with the wind
blowing
)
`
=
)
`
(
(
(
+
)
`
u
e
u
e
e
u e
u
u
u
u u
u
u
o
h
e 0
1 0
m
qSC
h
r 0
0 h
r x
x 1
1
2
L
2
2
2
h
2
2
2
2
2 2 2
2
0 1 0 1 0
1
0 0
0
h
L
qSC x h h
h
x r e m
r
o
u
u
u u u u
u
e
e
u u e e
u
(
( (
(
+ + =
` ` ` `
( (
(
) ) )
)
(
Purdue Aeroelasticity
19-14
Solve these equations by assuming a
harmonic time solution
( )
( )
t i
e
h
st
e
h
t
t h
e
u u
u
)
`
=
)
`
=
)
`
)
`
=
)
`
+
)
`
(
(
(
+
)
`
0
0
h
e 0
1 0
m
qSC
h
r 0
0 h
r x
x 1
2
L
2
2
2
h
2
2
2
u e u
e
e
u e
e
u
o
u
u
u u
u
u
results after division by e
iet
Purdue Aeroelasticity
19-15
Combine terms and look for similarity
parameters
2
V
2
1
q =
u
e
e
= O
)
`
=
)
`
+
)
`
(
(
(
+
)
`
0
0
h
e 0
1 0
m
qSC
h
r 0
0 h
r x
x 1
2
L
2
2
2
h
2
2
2
u e u
e
e
u e
e
u
o
u
u
u u
u
u
)
`
=
)
`
+
)
`
(
(
(
+
)
`
O
0
0
0
1 0
2
0
0
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
u e
u
e
e
u
u
o
u
u
u u
u
h
e m
SC V
h
r
h
r x
x
L
h
Purdue Aeroelasticity
19-16
Define new parameters
2
V
2
1
q =
mass volume air
mass airf oil
l b
m
2
= =
t
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
= =
t e e
e
o o o
u u u
L L L
C
b
V
b
m
clC V
m
qSC
2
2
2
2
2
)
`
=
)
`
+
)
`
(
(
(
+
)
`
O
0
0
0
1 0
2
0
0
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
u e
u
e
e
u
u
o
u
u
u u
u
h
e m
SC V
h
r
h
r x
x
L
h
Reduced velocity
be=speed
Purdue Aeroelasticity
19-17
Nondimensional parameters called reduced
velocity, frequency ratios... Characterize the
models and phenomena causing flutter
u
e b
V
V =
u
e
e
= O
2
2
h
2
R
u
e
e
=
b
e
e =
b
r
r
u
u
=
Purdue Aeroelasticity
19-18
Non-dimensionalization
)
`
O
0
0
0
1 0
0
0 1
2 2
2
2
2
u
e
u u u
o
u u u
u
b
h
e mb
qSC
b
h
r
R
b
h
r x
x
L
2
2
h
2
R
u
e
e
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
t e e
o o
u u
L L
C
b
V
b
m
qSC
2
2
)
`
=
)
`
+
)
`
(
(
(
+
)
`
0
0
0
1 0
0
0
1
2
2
2
2
2 2
2
u e u
e
e
u e
e
u
o
u
u
u u
u
u
h
e m
qSC
h
r
h
r x
x
L
h
1/b
1/b
2
)
`
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
O
0
0
0
1 0
0
0 1
2
2
2
2
2
u
e t
u u u u
u u
u
o
b
h
e b
V
C
b
h
r
R
b
h
r x
x
L
The prize
Purdue Aeroelasticity
19-19
2
2
2
2
2
1
0
0
0 1 0
0 0
L
h h
x
R
b b
x r
r
h
C
V
b
e b
o
u
u u
u
u
u u
t e
u
(
(
O +
` `
(
(
) )
| || | (
+ =
` ` | |
(
) \ . \ .
)
h(t)
u(t)
x
cg
shear
center
x
c.g.
restrict to small angle