g.

ramesh kumar BE-CIVIL

610311103305 THIRD YEAR

AIT-COLLEGE

INTRODUCTION
Adequate ground work in the form of collection of field data has to be done before the alignment of a track. Various types of surveys are to be conducted before the selection of tentative routes and the final track route.

TYPES OF SURVEY IN TRACK ALIGNMENT

Traffic survey Reconnaissance survey Preliminary survey Location survey Modern methods of survey

TRAFFIC SURVEY
Particulars of villages and towns within about 20 km from the proposed track along with population. Location of existing industries and the potential growth of them. Volume of traffic in terms of passengers and goods wagons. Availability of export-based natural resources like, iron, coal. Pilgrim places of importance. Special festival periods.

RECONNAISSANCE SURVEY
Topographical features of the area. Existing water resources along with their discharges details. Natural features like ridges ,valley, forests, etc Geological and soil classification. The routine equipment used during the reconnaissance survey.

PRELIMINARY SURVEY
Construction pillar is erected to mark the starting point. A fly-levelling is done to connect the starting point and a near by GTS beach mark. A compass survey is conducted along the alignment to prepare a route survey map covering about 100 m on either side of the alignment. A longitudinal levelling is done along the alignment at regular intervals of 20 to 40 m. A cross sectional levelling is done at regular intervals say 100 m.

 Permanent bench marks are established all along the alignment at every 2 km distance. At river cross - sectional, details of rivers such as width of river, velocity of water, discharge, high flood level, scour depth, etc., are noted. A soil survey is made along the route to find the sub grade details. Details of level - crossings. If there is a need for a bridge or other cross drainage works, deep bore holes are to be made to get the details for deep foundations.

LOCATION SURVEY
15 cm pegs at 30 meter intervals are driven. Every tenth peg is marked by 60 cm pegs. Pegs are also driven to demarcate the centre line of the track. At every kilometer length masonry pillars are constructed which serve as bench mark. Land width is demarcated by RCC boundary post. Centre line of water ways of culverts. Centre line of tunnels.

MODERN SURVEYING INSTRUMENTS AND METHODS

Some of these survey aids and techniques are follows: 1. Remote sensing data 2. Aerial photographs 3. Electro-magnetic distance measurement (EDM) 4. Digital terrain modeling(DTM) 5. Geographic information system(GIS)

1. REMOTE SENSING: Remote sensing data or satellite imaginary provides a birds eye view of large areas. Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO)provides such maps which are updated once a month. Ground conditions can be well defined with a combination of satellite images and topographic maps. 2.AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHS: Aerial photogrammetric is that type of photography wherein the photographs are taken by cameras mounted on an aircraft flying over the area. The photographs are very useful to find tunnel locations, station sites, and identify correctly the river crossings, etc.

3.ELECTRO MAGNETIC DISTANCE MEASUREMENTS(EDM): Electro magnetic distance measurement(EDM) is a general term used collectively in the measurement of distances applying electronic methods. 4.DIGITAL TERRAIN MODELLING(DTM): Digital Terrain Modeling is a computer aided design. Using such models the most economical alignment may be obtained. After the alignment decision, ground stations are fixed in the form of mutually visible points.

GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM (GIS): Geospatial technology is a new technology which covers a number of fields such as remote sensing, cartography, surveying and photography. Geographic information system (GIS) is used to integrate data from these different fields. GIS REQUIRES THE FOLLOWING FOUR COMPONENTS: I. Computer systems II. GIS software III. People IV. Data