Professional Documents
Culture Documents
(DEWETT 417/431)
BANKS
Banks are like reservoirs They collect the savings of some people and give them to others who use them productively. In the process, they earn a commission, out of which they pay interest to those who save and deposits fund with them A bank is an institution in which those people who have spare cash deposit it and those who need funds borrow from it
TYPES OF BANKS
COMMERCIAL BANKS EXCHANGE BANKS INDUSTRIAL BANKS AGRICULTURAL OR CO-OPERATIVE BANKS SAVINGS BANK CENTRAL BANK EACH TYPE SPECIALIZE IN A PARTICULAR KIND OF BUSINESS
COMMERCIAL BANKS
Their business mainly consists of receiving deposits and giving loans and financing trade of a country. They provide a short term credit i.e , lend money for short periods.
EXCHANGE BANKS
Exchange banks finance mostly the foreign trade of a country. Their main function is to discount, accept and collect foreign bills of exchange. They also buy and sell foreign currencies and help businessmen to convert their money into any foreign money they need. In addition, they carry on ordinary banking business also.
INDUSTRIAL BANKS.
Industries require capital for a long period for buying machinery and equipment. Industrial banks provide capital for a long period for buying machinery and equipment. Industrial banks provide this type of block capital. They also receive deposits for longer periods. They are thus in a position to advance long term loans.
INDUSTRIAL BANKS
Examples of industrial banks: Industrial Finance Corporation of India (IFCA)-1948- By Central Government State Financial Corporations State owned Industrial Credit &Investment Corporation of India (ICCI) National Industrial Development Corporation (NIDC) Industrial Development Bank of India (IDBI)
SAVINGS BANKS
Collect small savings. Commercial banks too run savings departments to mobilize the savings of people of small means. Post Office Savings Banks in India are doing the same functions.
CENTRAL BANKS
Central Banks exists in almost all countries and it is owned and controlled by the government of the country. In India, Reserve Bank of India (RBI) is functioning as Central Bank
COMMERCIAL BANKS
FUNCTIONS OF COMMERCIAL BANKS 1. ACCEPTING DEPOSITS 2. GIVING LOANS 3. CREDIT CREATION 4. UTILITY FUNCTION
ACCEPTING DEPOSITS
To receive deposit and to advance loans are the two main functions of all commercial banks They borrow to lend. They borrow in the form of deposits and lend in various forms of advances.
DEPOSITS
CURRENT DEPOSITS OR DEMAND DEPOSITS Payable on demand without any notice. No interest is paid because bank cannot utilize as it is short term. A little commission is paid For services rendered by Bank. A small interest is Paid to people who keep Large balance
FIXED DEPOSIT OR SAVINGS BANK DEPOSIT. Midway between current TIME DEPOSIT and fixed deposit. There is These deposits can be a limit for number of withdrawn only after the withdrawal and amount. expiry of the period. The rate of interest is less Interest is paid depending than that on the upon the time period Fixed Deposit and amount
GIVING LOANS
After collecting money by way of deposits , a bank invests it or lends it out. Money is lent to businessmen and traders usually for short periods only. This is because the bank must keep itself ready to meet the demands of the depositors, who have deposited money for short periods.
Giving loans- Money is advanced by the banks in any one of the following ways: BY ALLOWING AN OVERDRAFT BY CREATING A DEPOSIT DISCOUNTING BILLS REMITTING FUNDS
ALLOWING OVERDRAFT
Customers of standing are given the right to withdraw their accounts. In other words, they can get more than they have deposited, but they have to pay interest on the extra amount which has to be repaid within a short period. The amount of permissible over-draft varies with the financial position of the borrower.
DISCOUNTING BILLS
The banks purchase the bills through bill brokers and discount companies or discount them directly for the merchants. The banks immediately pay cash for the bill after deducting the discount (interest), and wait for the bill to mature when they get back its full value. The investment in bills is considered quite safe, because a bill bears the security of two businessmen, the drawee as well as the drawer. This is a best investment by the banks
REMITTING FUNDS
Banks remit funds for their customers through bank draft to any place where they have branches or agencies. This is the cheapest way of sending money . It is quite safe. Funds can be remitted to foreign countries.
SAFE CUSTODY
Ornaments, valuable documents can be kept in safe custody with a bank, in its strong room fitted with lockers, on payment of small sum per year
AGENCY FUNCTION
Dividends Insurance premium Bills payments
LETTERS OF CREDIT
In order to help the travelers, the banks issue letters of credit traveler's cheques. A man going on a tour takes him a letter of credit from his bank. It is mentioned there that he can be paid sums up to a certain limit. He shows this letter to banks in other places which make the payment to him and debit the bank which has issued the letter of credit.
UTILITY OF BANKS
An efficient banking system is absolutely necessary for a country for economic progress. The banking system can be useful in the following ways, in addition to what has been mentioned in the functions of banks THE BANKS CREATE INSTRUMENTS OF CREDIT THE BANKS INCREASE THE MOBILITY OF CAPITAL THEY ENCOURAGE THE HABIT OF THRIFT ACCUMULATION OF LARGE CAPITAL
CREDIT CREATION
A unique function of the bank is to create credit . Credit creation is the natural outcome of the process of advancing loan. When a bank advances a loan to its customer, it does not lend cash but opens an account in the borrowers name and credit the amount of loan to this account. Thus whenever a bank grants loan, it creates an equal amount of bank deposit. Creation of such deposits is called credit creation which results in a net increase in the money stock of the economy. Banks have the ability to create credit many times more than their deposit and this ability of multiple credit creation depends upon the cash reserve ratio of the banks.
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CENTRAL BANKING
DEWETT 426/431
CENTRAL BANK
It is essential for every country to have a central bank The banking system of a country without central bank at the top is like a human body without head
BANKERS BANK
All banks in the country are bound either by law or convention to keep a certain proportion of their total deposits as reserve with central bank. They also keep their spare cash with central bank on which they draw as and when needed. Under the Banking Regulation Act of 1949, the RBI has been empowered with the right to supervise and control the activities of various scheduled commercial banks. These powers are related to give licensing, branch expansion, management of banks, inspection, liquidity of assets.
CONTROL OF CREDIT
The most important function of a Central Bank is to control the credit. The central bank ensures price stability and avoids inflationary and deflationary tendencies by raising or lowering bank rate, by purchase or sale of securities in the open market
DEVELOPMENT FUNCTION
RBI concentrates on the economic development of under developed countries. The main task of central banks in such countries is to bring about a rapid expansion of banking facilities and also to make adequate funds available to finance development programs.
CONTROL OF CREDIT
OBJECTIVES OF CREDIT CONTROL 1. To safe guard its gold reserve against internal and external drains 2. To maintain stability of internal prices 3. To achieve stability of foreign exchange rate 4. To eliminate fluctuations in production and employment and 5. To assist in economic growth
1.Quantitative 2.qualitative
QUANTITATIVE CONTROLS
1. MANIPULATION OF BANK RATE 2. OPEN MARKET OPERATIONS 3. VARYING RESERVE REQUIREMENTS 4. CREDIT RATIONING
QUALITATIVE CONTROLS
VARYING MARGIN REQUIREMENTS FOR CERTAIN BANK ADVANCES REGULATION OF CONSUMER CREDIT FOR REGULATING VOLUME OF INSTALMENT CREDIT BUYING ISSUING DIRECTIVES TO RESTRICT BANK ADVANCE
CREDIT RATIONING
The credit is rationed by limiting the amount available to each applicant
DIRECT ACTION
Direct action like refusal on the part of central bank to rediscount for banks whose credit policy is not in accordance with the wishes of central bank or whose borrowing from central bank are excessive in relation to their capital and reserve.