Shallow Foundation

By 09 BCL 018 Jigar Patel 09 BCL045 Parth Patel 11 BCL 154 Nekzad Pandol 11 BCL 162 Rushikesh Purohit 11 BCL 164 Konark Shah

Introduction

Introduction

Definition:
A shallow foundation, according to Tezzghi, is one whose width is greater than its depth (i.e. D/B<=1).

They are located just below lowest part of wall or a column which they support
Their function is to distribute load of structure to soil

Suitability:
They are suitable where ground water is at lower level

Where firm base to rest foundation is at shallower depth

For areas where earthquake chances are quite low

For low rise apartments and bungalows

Types of Shallow Foundation:

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Strip Footing Spread/Isolated Footing Combined Footing Strap Footing Mat/Raft Footing

1) Strip footing:
Strip footing is basically applied for foundation of continuous length for load bearing wall, as footing it is in form of continuous strip for total length of wall due to this it is known as strip footing They are also used for a row of columns that are very closely held and spaced such that their spread footing overlap or tends to nearly touch each other, in such cases strip footing tends to be more economical and effective Thus, a strip footing is also called as continuous footing.
Strip or Continuous Footing for load bearing wall

Strip Footing for multiple columns and for load bearing wall

2) Spread/Isolated/Pad Footing:
The spread/isolated/pad footing is generally constructed to support an individual column. It may be circular, square or rectangular slab of uniform thickness.

Even it may be designed as stepped or hunched to spread/distribute the load over a larger area.

Spread/Isolated/Pad Footing:

Single Footing Reinforcement Detailing

3) Combined Footing
The combined footing is designed to support two parallel columns.

It is principally used what the two columns are so close that to one another that their individual footing would overlap.
It may also be constructed when the property line is so close to column that a spread footing gets eccentrically loaded if kept within the property lines. Thus, by combining it with that of an interior column, the load gets evenly/uniformly distributed. The combined footing may be rectangular or trapezoidal.

Rectangular and Trapezoidal Combined Footing

4) Strap Footing
The strap (or cantilever) footing comprises of two isolated/individual footing connected with a structural strap or a lever.
The strap is featured to connect the two footing in order that they works and becomes like a single unit. However, the strap simply works as a connection beam and does not resist any soil reaction. Thus, the strap is designed as a rigid beam. The individual footings are designed such that their combined line of action passes through the resultant of the total load. The strap footing becomes more economical than a combine footing when the permissible soil pressure is comparatively greater and also the distance between the columns is greater.

Strap Footing

5) Mat/Raft Foundation
The mat/raft foundation is a big slab supporting a number of columns and walls its entire structure or in a large part of the structure. The mat is efficient when the permissible soil pressure smaller or where the columns and walls are very close such that individual footing gets overlap or nearly touched each other. The mat foundations are efficient in eliminating the differential settlement on the non-homogeneous soils or where there is a large variation in loads on the individual columns.

Ideal Depth & Location for Shallow Foundation

Following are the necessary points to be considered for deciding location and depth of foundation:
Minimum depth of foundation decided as per I S 1904-1986 is 0.5 meter. Foundation should be placed below zone of frost heave(i.e. 1.5 m-4.5 m) that is range for excess moisture variation, so that there is no danger of freezing ad trawling effect on foundation Foundation should be at least kept below of top organic soil It should be below peat or muck or any unconsolidated material such as waste dumps Footing shall be placed above ground water table level Footing shall be not placed above under ground defects natural or artificial. If artificial defects like telephone or sewer lines are they shall be shifted By Rankines formula minimum depth shall be at least D=Q/*((1-sin )/(1+sin ))2

Special recommendation for Foundation in different subnormal conditions

Recommendation for foundation adjacent to sloping ground by IS1904-1986

In case of ground surface sloping downward it should not cut distribution of load 2H:1V

In case of granular soil lower adjacent edges of two adjacent foundation shall not be steeper than 2H:1V In clayey soil line joining lower adjacent edge of upper footing and upper adjacent edge of lower footing shall not be steeper than 2H:1V

Recommendation for foundation adjacent to existing structure

Min distance shall not be less than width of larger footing If distance is limited than slope of 2h:1V shall be maintained so as to minimize influence to old structure Proper care shall be taken during excavation as it may effect old structure due to reduction of overburden or due to shear failure

Footing on surface rock or slopping rock

For shallow rock bed, foundation shall be laid after chipping top rock In condition of slope in rock bed dowel bar provision is necessary of 16 mm dia 1 m spacing embedded at 225mm

Special Consideration for foundation adjacent to flowing water:

It should be protected from scouring Estimation of probable depth of scouring and risk in case of scouring and give design accordingly

Loads on Foundation:
Permanent Load:
Dead Load Live Load

Transient Load
Wind Load

Seismic Load

Permanent Load: Actual service/sustained load of structure which gives stresses in deformation in soil below foundation causing settlement
Its main types are:
Dead Load: Weight of column which is stationary e.g. weight of column, wall, beam etc Earth Pressure: Pressure exerted by soil layer to structure it is computed by lateral earth pressure theories Snow Load: Snow accumulating o doors, walls, windows, roofs, of structure also exert load on structure Live Load: Load applied due to people, furniture etc which are movable in structure is live load It is taken as per specification given in IS 875 Part 2

Transient Load: It is momentary or sudden load imparted on structure due to wind or seismic vibration. Due to its transitory nature, the stresses in soil below foundation carried by such loads are allowable safe values
Its main loads are: Wind Load: Moving wind exert load on structure. It is taken as per specification in I S 875 part 3 Seismic Load: It may act vertically , horizontally or torsionally. They are taken as percentage of dead load as per seismic zoning of structure

Loads for Proportioning and Design of Foundation Loads for Proportioning and Design of Foundation IS:1904 I.S.: 1904 -1986
Following combinations shall be used
Dead load + Live load

Dead Load + Live load + Wind/Seismic load

For cohesive soils only 50% of actual live load is considered for design (Due to settlement being time dependent) For wind/seismic load < 25% of Dead + Live load Wind/seismic load is neglected and first combination is used to compare with safe bearing load to satisfy allowable bearing pressure compare with safe bearing load to satisfy allowable bearing pressure

For wind/seismic load 25% of Dead + Live load It becomes necessary to ensure that pressure due to second load combination of load does not exceed the safe bearing capacity by more than 25%. When seismic forces are considered, the safe bearing capacity shall be increased as specified in IS: 1893 (Part-1)

Principles for Design of Foundation

For economical design, it is preferred to have square footing for vertical loads and rectangular footing for the columns carrying moment
Allowable bearing pressure should not be very high in comparison to the net loading intensity leading to an uneconomical design. It is preferred to use SPT or Plate load test for cohesion less soils and undrained shear strength test for cohesive soils. In case of lateral loads or moments, the foundation should also be checked to be safe against sliding and overturning . The FOS shall not be less than 1.75 against sliding and 2.0 against overturning. When wind/seismic loads are considered the FOS is taken as 1.5 for both the cases.

Wall foundation width shall not be less than [wall thickness + 30 cm]. Unreinforced foundation should have angular spread of load from the supported column with the following criteria supported column with the following criteria 2V:1H for masonry foundation 3V:2H for lime concrete 1V:1H for cement concrete foundation The bottom most layer should have a thickness of atleast150 mm

Procedure for Design of Footing:

Safe bearing capacity of footing is determined Footing is proportioned is done by making use of safe bearing capacity Maximum settlement of footing is determined Angular distortion is determined in various parts of structure Maximum settlement, differential settlement and angular distortion obtained in previous steps are compared with standard values If values are not satisfying limits safe bearing capacity is revised and calculations are repeated Suitability of footing against sliding and overturning are checked

Proportioning footing for equal settlement

Reduce differential settlement due to live load variation for footing due to fine grained soils. It is desirable to proportion all footing in such a way that they have equal pressure under service loads Steps for proportioning of footing are: Dead load from each column including self weight of footing is determined Maximum live load on each footing is determined Ratio of maximum live load to dead load is determined and is taken as governing footing Are of governing footing is determined from equation: A(g)=(Dead Load+LiveLoad)/Allowable Bearing Capacity) Service loads for all other footing are determined using Q=Service Load for governing footing/A(g) Area of other footing is determined as A-(Service load for that footing/Q)

DESIGN PROCEDURE FOR STRIP FOUNDATION ON REINFORCED EARTH

Following is a step-by-step procedure for the design of a strip foundation supported by granular soil reinforced by metallic strips: 1. Obtain the total load to be supported per unit length of the foundation. Also obtain the quantities a. Soil-friction angle, b. Soil-tie friction angle, c. Factor of safety against bearing capacity failure d. Factor of safety against tie breaking, S e. Factor of safety against tie pullout, S f. Breaking strength of reinforcement ties, g. Unit weight of soil, h. Modulus of elasticity of soil, i. Poissons ratio of soil, j. Allowable settlement of foundation, k. Depth of foundation,

2. Assume a width of foundation, B, and also d and N. the value of d should be less than 2/3. Also, the distance from the bottom of the foundation to the lowest layer of the reinforcement should be about 2B or less. Calculate . 3. Assume a value of 4. For width Bi determine the ultimate bearing capacity, , for unreinforced soil Determine ll(1): all(1)=u/S against bearing capacity failure Calculate the allowable load, all(2) based on the tolerable settlement, , assuming that the soil is not reinforced c=Aall(2)/*(1^2) For /=, the value of may be taken as 2 6. Determine the lower of the two value of a obtained. The lower value of equals . 7. Calculate the magnitude of for the foundation supported by reinforced earth: =load on foundation per unit length/

Design of strip footing Suitability: Plain strip concrete: Suitable for light weight structure & firm base soil. Reinforced strip concrete:Suitable for heavily loaded structures & where soil conditions are unfavourable. Plain strip concrete footing: Footing is design for contact pressure<Allowable bearing pressure Width of footing is determined by dividing total load per meter run by allowable soil pressure. If actual width provided is different soil pressure is found by dividing load by actual width. Thickness of edge minimum for uncohesive soil is 15cm& for cohesive soil is 30cm to resist swelling pressure . Thickness of footing should be adequate to resist tension at cantilever part. Thickness of projection should be kept twice length of projection. 45 degree load distribution is necessary to resist tension. Sloped footing is cost saving in case of material but costly in case of shuttering than stepped strip footing. Reinforced concrete footing: Competition of bending moment is done at face of monolithic wall,for brick masonary half way between centre of line & edge of wall. Maximum B.M =q(B-b)^2/8 Here,q=Actual soil pressure b=width of wall B=width of footing. Diagonal shear critical section is taken a distance=width of wall. F=q[(B-b)/2-d]

Design of spread footing These are used to distribute cocentrated load on the footing to large area of the soil. Area of footing is dividing total column load by soil pressure. If area actually provided is more than soil pressure=Load/Actual area. Plain concrete footing It is same as plain concrete strip footing as explained above. Reinforced concrete footing: Area of footing is got by dividing load by soil pressure and no effect on shear force and bending moment is there as load is centrally placed Critical section of bending moment is taken at face of column and half way between face of column and the edge of metal plate on which column or pedestral Maximum Bending Moment=q*B(B-b)^2/8 For checking diagonal shear critical section is equal to lengthof depth of footing and is equal to F=q*B[(B-b)/2-d] For punching shear critical section is taken at q[B^2-(b+d)^2]/4[b+d) Here B is width of footing, bis width of square column is safe punching shear Maximum force of bond is given by q*B (B-b)/2 In case of rect footing length and breadt should be so choosen that bending moment is equal to moment of resisting of footing Centre of gravity of footing and column should coincide with each other for uniform contact pressure distribution Footing for circular column can either be square or circular Equal area should be taken for square footing replacing circulr footing as in circular more complexity is involved