UNIVERSITY OF TUN HUSSIEN ONN

MALAYSIA

ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS TECHNOLOGY

(BEE1803)

GROUP ASSIGNMENT

GROUP MEMBERS: 1. MOHD ZAKI AD060111

2. MUHAMMAD AMIR A.R AD060132
3. FU KOK SIONG AD060106
4. KHAIDIR FADZIR AD060122
5. MUHAMMAD HISYAM AD060101
6. MOHD SHAHRIL AD060119
7. MOHD FARHAN AD060109
8. KAMLUDIN AD060112
9. NURUL AZMI AD060121
LECTURER: MR. ZAINIZAN
History…
 Early radio receivers called crystal sets,
used a "cat's whisker" of fine wire
pressing on a crystal of galena (lead
sulfide) to serve as a point contact
rectifier or "crystal detector". In gas
heating systems flame rectification can be
used to detect a flame. Two metal
electrodes in the outer layer of the flame
provide a current path and rectification of
an applied alternating voltage, but only
while the flame is present.
 cat's whisker detector same like rectifier

Crystal set
Now..

AC, half-wave and full wave rectified signals

 What is a rectifier?

• A rectifier is an electrical device

that converts alternating current to
direct current, a process known as
rectification.
 What it is made of?

Rectifiers may be made of:

- solid state diodes
- vacuum tube diodes,
- mercury arc valves
- and other technologies
• the term rectifier describes a
diode that is being used to
convert AC to DC

Almost all rectifiers

comprise a number of
diodes in a specific
arrangement for more
efficiently converting AC
to DC than is possible
with just a single diode
 Half-wave
rectification
 A half wave rectifier is a special
case of a clipper. In half wave
rectification, either the positive or
negative half of the AC wave is
passed easily while the other half is
blocked, depending on the polarity
of the rectifier.
 In this circuit, the diode is
considered as an ideal diode.
Therefore, the diode can be replace
as short circuit when ir is ON and
when the diode is OFF, it can be
replaced as open circuit.

half wave rectifier circuit

 If the rectifier circuit is connected to
a sinusoidal AC circuit, the output
voltage consist of only the positive
halves of the AC signal as
illustrated.
va

vp

vp

t
 Finding DC circuit using
half-wave rectifier circuit

vp
VDC= VP/π t

Output waveform for half-wave rectifier

From the wave Vp

from, VDC = π
 Since the AC voltage is always
express in rms unit, therefore it
must be converted to peak value
before the DC voltage can be
determined.

Vp = √2 Vrms
 Half-wave rectifier is not efficient
since half of the input signal is
cropped…..

There is a solution…
 Full wave rectification

 Full-wave rectification converts both

polarities of the input waveform to DC,
and is more efficient
A full wave rectifier converts the whole of the input
waveform to one of constant polarity (positive or
negative) at its output by reversing the negative (or
positive) portions of the alternating current waveform.
The positive (negative) portions thus combine with the
reversed negative (positive) portions to produce an
entirely positive (negative) voltage/current waveform.
Full-wave rectifier output
signal
VS

D1 D2
t

D3 D4 VO

t
When the source is positive,
the current follows the route
where D2 and D3 are ON but
D1 and D4 are OFF. The
current enters the positive
terminal of resistor, therefore
Vo is positive.
 Vo
D2

Vp
VO
t
D3 T
_
2

Positive output signal

When the source is negative, the

current follows the route where D1
and D4 are ON but D2 and D3 are
OFF. But the current still enters the
positive terminal of resistor, therefore
V0 remains positive.
 Vo
D1

t
D4 T T
2

Negative output signal

Since both halves of the input signal are

used, thus full-wave rectifier produces
twice DC signal compared to half- wave
rectifier
 Vo

Vp
2Vp
Vdc =
π t

Combination of positive and negative input

 Full wave rectifier with vacuum tube,
having two anodes.

 A very common vacuum tube rectifier

configuration contained one cathode and
twin anodes inside a single envelope; in
this way, the two diodes required only
one vacuum tube. The 5U4 and 5Y3
were popular examples of this
configuration.
Three Phase Bridge Rectifier
 For three phase AC, six diodes are
used

 Typically there are three pairs of

diodes, each pair, though, is not the
same kind of double diode that
would be used for a full wave single
phase rectifier. Instead the pairs are
in series (anode to cathode).
Most devices that generate alternating current
(such devices are called alternators) generate
three phase AC. For example, an automobile
alternator has six diodes inside it to function as a
full wave rectifier for battery charge applications.
Disassembled automobile
alternator, showing the six diodes
that comprise a full-wave three
phase bridge rectifier.

A rectifier diode and associated

mounting hardware. The heavy
threaded stud helps remove
heat.
 The primary application of rectifiers
is to derive usable DC power from
an AC supply.
Virtually all electronics
requires a DC supply but
mains power is AC so
rectifiers find uses inside the power
supplies of virtually all
electronic equipment.
 Rectifiers also find a use in detection
of amplitude modulated radio
signals.
- The signal may or may not
be amplified before
detection but if unamplified a
very low voltage drop diode
must be used.
 Output voltage of a full-wave rectifier
with controlled thyristors

 Rectifiers are also used to supply

polarised voltage for welding.
- In such circuits control of the
output current is required
and this is sometimes achieved
by replacing some of the diodes
in bridge rectifier with thyristors, whose
voltage ouput can be regulated
by means of
phase fired controllers.
 disadvantages…

Full Wave Rectifier

- the necessity of a transformer with a
center-tapped secondary winding. If
the circuit in question is one of high
power, the size and expense of a
suitable transformer is significant.
Consequently, the center-tap rectifier
design is seen only in low-power
applications.