Contents

Classification

Analysis

Modeling

Excitation/Governor systems

Computer aided analysis

Voltage stability

Rotor angle stability
Study period: 0-10 sec
Mid-term/long-term stability
Study period: seconds to several
minutes
(slow dynamics)
Small signal stability

Non-oscillatory
Insufficient synchronizing torque
Oscillatory
Unstable control action
Transient stability
Large disturbance
(First swing)
Stability
Small signal stability
Ability of power system to remain in synchronism under small
disturbances.

Te=Synchronizing component + Damping component.

Lack of synchronizing torque results in continuous increase in the
rotor angle.

Lack of Damping torque results in oscillatory response of rotor
angle.
Types of small signal stability
Local modes Reference mismatch
(1 to 2 Hz)

Inter area modes Weak tie lines
(0.3 to 1 Hz)

Control modes Poor tuning of controls
(2 to 10 Hz)

Torsional modes Series compensated system
(1 to 45 Hz)

Long term and Mid-term stability
Inadequate equipment response and poor co-ordination
of control and protection equipment.
Boiler dynamics.
Penstock dynamics.
Conduit dynamics.
AGC.
Transformer saturation.
Frequency effect on load and system.
Stability classification


Transient stability: Transmission line faults, sudden load
change, loss of generation, line switching etc.

Dynamic stability :Slow or gradual variations. Machine,
governor-Turbine, Exciter modeling in detail.

Steady state stability :Changes in operating condition.
Simple model of generator.





Transient stability
Ability of the system to remain stable for a large
disturbance occurring in the system.

Faults on transmission lines.

Loss of generation.

Loss of large load.
Power System Operating States

Normal
Alert Restorative

In Extremis Emergency
Analysis of transient stability
Steady State Stability
Stable Unstable
Stable
Unstable
J : Moment of inertia of rotor masses (kg-mt
2
)
u
m
: Angular displacement of rotor w.r.t. a stationary axis
(mechanical radians)
t : Time (seconds)
T
m
: Mechanical or Shaft Torque ( N-m )
T
e
: Net electrical torque (N-m )
T
a
: Net accelerating torque (N-m)

For generator, T
m
and T
e
are +ve.
Mechanical Equation
2
m
a m e
2
d
J* =T =T - T N-m
d t

Reference Axis
Stationary
u
m

Reference axis at e
sm


c
sm

e
sm

Rotor axis at rotor
speed

u e o = +
m sm m
t
o
m
: Angular displacement of the rotor in mechanical radians.
Swing Equation
o
e
o
e
o
e

=
=
=
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
m m e
sm
m
m e
sm
m e
s
d P P H
dt S
d H
P P pu
dt
H d
P P
dt
Swing Equation
P
m
P
e
= 1 pu
At t = 0, breaker is opened.

Initially Pe = 1 pu on machine rating Pm = 1pu and kept
unchanged.

In 2H seconds, the speed doubles.

Importance of Inertia Constant
Power angle equation
jX
s

E
2 2
Zo E
1 1
Zo
o sin
s
X
E E
P
2 1
=
E
1
: Magnitude of voltage at bus1
E
2
: Magnitude of voltage at bus2
o : o
1
- o
2

X
s
: Reactance

Stability
Stable
At o
s
; P
m
= P
e
; net accelerating torque = 0.
Let P
e
decrease slightly.


o increase (acceleration)
o comes back to original position.
Stable region . Hence o
s
is stable operating point.


ve is P P
dt
d
f
H
e m
+ =
2
2
o
t

P
Pm
mm
m
O
Pe=Pmax sino
ou
o
90
0

os 180
0

Unstable
At o
u
; Pm = Pe ; Net accelerating torque = 0 ,
Let P
e
decrease slightly.


o increases, (acceleration)
P
e
further decreases.
Chain reaction o never comes back to normal value .

Hence o
u
is unstable operating point.
ve is P P
dt
d
f
H
e m
+ =
2
2
o
t
Stability
High inertia. H >> compared to other machines in the system.
Frequency is constant.
Low impedance. X
d

is very small.
E is constant and V
t
is fixed.
Infinite fault level symbol.


System
Infinite bus
Swing curves
Relative Plot (o
i
-o)
Absolute Plot
o
1

o
o

o
2


o
3


o
4


o
3


o
2


o
0


o
1


T in sec.
T in sec.
Relative swing (with reference to one machine) is more important,
rather than absolute swing.
Assumptions
Synchronous speed current and voltage are considered.

DC off set currents, harmonics are neglected.

Symmetrical components approach.

Generated voltage is independent of machine speed.

Circuit parameters are constant at nominal system frequency
(Frequency variation of parameter neglected).
Synchronous machine Modelling

Classical model : Constant voltage behind transient reactance.
I
E = V
t
+ (0 + jx
d
) I
E
V
t
jx
d
I
Ref.
V
t

I
E
jx
d

+
-
Machine Parameters

Synchronous : Steady state, sustained.
Transient : Slowly decaying
Sub-transient : Rapidly decaying


E
X
d
X X X X X
T T
T T
d q q q d
d do
qo qo
> > > >
>
>
' " "
' "
' "
0
Transducer
Regulator
Exciter Generator
Limiter + relay
PSS
Excitation System Components
Ref.
Controller
Regulator
Power
amplifier
(Exciter)
Plant
Feedback elements
Block Schematic

E
t E
fd
V
tr
V
er
V
ref
Exciter System
Speed governor systems
AGC
Speed
changer
Speed
Governor
Valve
/gate
Electrical
System
Energy Supply
steam or water
Turbine
Generator
Speed
Tie line Power
Frequencies
Transient Stability Enhancement

1. High speed fault clearing.
2. Reduction of transmission system reactance.
3. Regulated shunt compensation.
4. Dynamic Braking.
5. Reactor switching.
6. Independent pole operation of circuit breaker.
7. Single pole switching
8. Fast valving.
9. Generator tripping.
10. Controlled system separation and load shedding.
11. High speed excitation systems.
12. HVDC transmission link control.
13. FACTs Devices
Stagg system

Voltage

Swing Curve

Voltage (With AVR & Governor)

Swing Curve (With AVR & Governor)

Industrial System
Collect data

Identify critical conditions

Perform studies

Analyze results
Various Studies
Load Flow Analysis
Short Circuit Studies
Transient Analysis
Voltage Instability
Dynamic Stability
Relay Co-ordination
Various studies

Harmonic Analysis
Electromagnetic Transient Analysis
Sub Synchronous Resonance
Ground Grid Design
Reliability
Three phase load flows
Load Forecasting
Industrial System

Industrial System
3 TGs at 6 kV, 1 TG at 11 kV and 7 DGs at 6 kV
Total load considered-32.7 MW
Main transformers-
One no. 20000 kVA
One no. 16000 kVA
One no. 7500 kVA
Two nos. 4500 kVA


Power Flow
S.No Cases TG1 TG2 TG3 DG TG4 Own Gen Grid Power Load
1 Base Case 1.2 4.5 10 0 20.6 36.3 -3.60 32.70
2 Case 1-TG2 outage 2 0 11.5 0 20.6 34.1 -1.43 32.67
3 Case 2-TG3 outage 2 4.5 0 0 20.6 27.1 5.61 32.71
4 Case 3-TG4 outage 2 4.5 7.5 0 0 14 18.67 32.67
5
Case 4- islanding
mode
2.55 5.35 11.18 0 0 19.08 5.21 24.29
Grid trip

Grid trip
Grid trip
Grid trip
TRS TG2 trip
TRS TG2 trip
TRS TG2 trip
TRS TG2 trip

TRS TG4 trip
TRS TG4 trip
TRS TG4 trip
TRS TG4 trip

TRS (20MVA trip)
TRS (20MVA trip)
TRS (20MVA trip)
TRS (20MVA trip)
Critical Clearing Times
Bus name
Bus voltage
(in kV)
Critical clearing time
(in ms)
MAIN70kV[71] 70 290
TG1 6 280
TG-2 6 260
TG3 6 270
TG4 11 240
Thank You