The marvels of the COFDM !

I I George STI(T)

Why COFDM ?
Multi

path problems leading to interference amount of data effect

Large

Doppler

Limitation

of bandwidth
of propagation of a channel

Limitations

I.I.George,Dy.Director, STI(T), Delhi

Terrestrial propagation creates this channel response

COFDM is the solution to cope with selective and time-variant frequency fading.
I.I.George,Dy.Director, STI(T), Delhi

Advantages of Multi carrier System

Symbols
1 Carrier

Symbols required to transmit data is more

2 Carriers

4Carriers
I.I.George,Dy.Director, STI(T), Delhi

Data divided between carriers increases symbol duration

OFDM Carriers

A single rectangular pulse gives sin(x)/x spectrum

I.I.George,Dy.Director, STI(T), Delhi

Ts= Active Symbol duration

I.I.George,Dy.Director, STI(T), Delhi

COFDM Spectrum

I.I.George,Dy.Director, STI(T), Delhi

COFDM : HOW ?

1 - Organize time & frequency partitions in the RF channel

time RF Channel bandwidth frequency sub-band

time segment

frequency

To consider stabilized channel characteristics inside time vs frequency cells

I.I.George,Dy.Director, STI(T), Delhi

COFDM : HOW ?

2 - Spread sub-carriers over time vs frequency cells

time

OFDM symbol
frequecy

Make sub-carriers orthogonal to avoid inter-carriers interference

I.I.George,Dy.Director, STI(T), Delhi

COFDM : HOW ?

3 - Insert Guard Interval to avoid inter-symbol interference

Guard Interval duration Useful symbol duration

time

OFDM symbol
frequency

Guard interval introduces a first loss in transport capacity

I.I.George,Dy.Director, STI(T), Delhi

Guard interval

I.I.George,Dy.Director, STI(T), Delhi

OFDM and Orthogonality

I.I.George,Dy.Director, STI(T), Delhi

COFDM : HOW ?

4 - Insert Synchronization Pilots to help Receivers to lock onto the useful signal

OFDM Frame
(68 OFDM symbols)

time

frequency

FFT time windows for receivers

Synchronization markers introduce a second loss in transport capacity

I.I.George,Dy.Director, STI(T), Delhi

COFDM : HOW ?

5 - Prepare data to be carried on OFDM symbols

DATA to broadcast

Protected DATA (convolutionnal coding for error protection)

time

frequency

Protection codes introduces a third loss in transport capacity

I.I.George,Dy.Director, STI(T), Delhi

COFDM : HOW ?

6 - Map bits onto OFDM : spread contiguous data bits over distant sub-carriers DATA to broadcast

Protected DATA
0 1 0 0

time

frequency

Create frequency diversity to improve robustness against selective fading

I.I.George,Dy.Director, STI(T), Delhi

Regular constellations
Data mapping is realised by applying one physical modulation to each sub-carrier

64QAM
000000

4QAM
00

16QAM
0000

2 bits per carrier

4 bits per carrier 6 bits per carrier

Each constellation gives to each sub-carrier a specific data transport capacity

I.I.George,Dy.Director, STI(T), Delhi

Implementing

In OFDM the sub carrier pulse used for transmission is chosen to be rectangular.
According to Fourier Transform the rectangular pulse lead to a sin(x)/x spectrum of the subcarriers

This has the advantage that the task of pulse forming and modulation can be performed by IDFT which can be implemented very efficiently by IFFT.
In the receiver we need a FFT operation.
I.I.George,Dy.Director, STI(T), Delhi

Implementing COFDM 0001 0010 1111 0000 0101 1101- interleaved protected data 0001
Map to QAM Constellation

A1+Jb1 A2+Jb2
-------------.

0001 0010 1111 0000 0101 1101

Block of data
I.I.George,Dy.Director, STI(T), Delhi

Perform IFFT

-------------

An+Jbn

Take the real part Digital to analog COFDM

S i g n a l r e p re s e n t a t io n o f O F D M u s i n g ID F T / D F T C o n s i d e r a d a t a s e q u e n c e , d 0 , d 1 ,d 2 ,d 3 d N - 1 W h e r e d n= a n+ j b n If D F T i s p er f o r m e d , t h e r e s u l t i s a v e c to r D = (D 0 ,D 1 D n - 1 ) o f N c om ple x n u m b e r s .
D
m

N -1 n=0

d ne-

j ( 2 nm / N )

N -1 n=0

d ne

- j 2pfntm

m =0 ,1,2, N -1

W h e r e f n = n /( N D t ), t m = m D t w h er e D t = S y m b o l d u r a ti o n o f t h e se r i a l d a t a d n . T h e r ea l p a r t o f D h a s tw o c o m p o n e n t s
Ym =

N -1 n=0

( a n cos 2 p f n t m + b n sin 2 p f n t m ), m = 0 ,1 ... N - 1

i f th e s e si g n a l s a r e p a s s e d t h r o u g h a l o w p a ss f i l te r a t t i m e i n t e r v a l s D t , w e g e t a F D M si g n a l ,
y (t ) =

N -1 n=0

( a n cos 2 p f n t + b n sin 2 p f n t ), 0 t N D t I I Geor ge,STI(T)

I.I.George,Dy.Director, STI(T), Delhi

COFDM Modulator

I.I.George,Dy.Director, STI(T), Delhi

COFDM Transmitter

I.I.George,Dy.Director, STI(T), Delhi

COFDM Reciever

I.I.George,Dy.Director, STI(T), Delhi

Band Width calculation

Delay spread of the channel = 100S Tg = The guard interval = 4 X 100 S = 400 S OFDM Symbol Duration = T = 5 X Tg = 2000 S

Carrier separation f0 = 1/T-Tg =1/2000 - 400 = 625 Hz

Let the desired bit rate be = R des = 25 Mbit/Sec , the each Symbol must carry k bits K/T = R des , Therefore k = T x R des = 2000 X 25 = 50000 bit/Symbol

If we use 64 QAM, the number of bit / carrier is = 6 bits If FEC rate is 5/6, then the number of usefull bits = 5/6 X 6 = 5 Bits/symbol/carrier No. of sub carriers = Ns will be = 50000/5 = 10000 carriers The band width required is = f0 X Ns = 625 X 10000 = 6.25 MHz
I.I.George,Dy.Director, STI(T), Delhi

I.I.George,Dy.Director, STI(T), Delhi

I.I.George,Dy.Director, STI(T), Delhi

Time domain and frequency domain

I.I.George,Dy.Director, STI(T), Delhi

Pulse width vs Band width

I.I.George,Dy.Director, STI(T), Delhi

Fourier transform/IFT

I.I.George,Dy.Director, STI(T), Delhi

I.I.George,Dy.Director, STI(T), Delhi

I.I.George,Dy.Director, STI(T), Delhi

I.I.George,Dy.Director, STI(T), Delhi

DFT Eqn.

I.I.George,Dy.Director, STI(T), Delhi