Elementary Seismology

CT.Lakshmanan
Assistant Professor (Selection Grade) School of Architecture & Interior Design SRM University Prepared by CT.Lakshmanan

The Vulnerability Profile - India

59% of land mass prone to earthquakes 40 million hectares (8%) of landmass prone to floods 8000 Km long coastline with two cyclone seasons Hilly regions vulnerable to avalanches/landslides/Hailstorms/cloudburst 68% of the total area susceptible to drought Different types of manmade Hazards Tsunami threat 1 million houses damaged annually + human, economic, social and other losses

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Hazard, vulnerability & disaster

Disaster = F (Hazard, Vulnerability)

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Ingredients of Risk
HxV-C=R
Hazard x vulnerability capacity = risk
H - potential threat to humans and their welfare V - exposure and susceptibility to loss of life or dignity C - available and potential resources R - probability of disaster occurrence

Capacity resources, means and strengths which exist in households and communities and which enable them to cope with, withstand, prepare for, prevent, mitigate or quickly recover from a disaster
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Disaster Prevention, Mitigation & preparedness

Prevention requires the elimination of risk while mitigation is the reduction of risk.. Disaster Preparedness : Forecast and take precautionary measures in advance of an imminent threat.

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Seismology
The term Seismology is derived from Greek word Seismo, which means earthquake and logos means science; hence the Seismology is Science of Earthquakes
Seismology can be defined in two ways: 1. The science of earthquakes and the physics of the earths interior 2. The science of elastic wave (seismic waves)
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CONTINENTAL DRIFT

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Source: from internet

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Fault
A fault is nothing but a crack or weak zone inside the Earth. When two blocks of rock or two plates rub against each other along a fault, they dont just slide smoothly. As the tectonic forces continue to prevail, the plate margins exhibit deformation as seen in terms of bending, compression, tension and friction. The rocks eventually break giving rise to an earthquake, because of building of stresses beyond the limiting elastic strength of the rock.

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DEPTH OF FOCUS Shallow focus Earthquakes < 70 km deep

Intermediate focus earthquakes 70 km ~ 300 km

Deep focus earthquakes > 300 km Prepared by CT.Lakshmanan

Magnitude Vs Intensity
The magnitude of an earthquake is determined instrumentally and is more objective measure of its size
Intensity of an earthquake is a subjective parameter based on assessment of visible effects. It depends on factors other than the actual size of the earthquake
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EARTHQUAKE MAGNITUDE CLASS

USGS
M>8 7 - 7.9 6 - 6.9 5 - 5.9 4 - 4.9 3 - 3.9 M<3
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IMD
Very great Great Moderate Moderate Slight Slight Micro earthquake

Great Major Strong Moderate Light Minor

GLOBAL EARTHQUAKE OCCURRENCE

Magnitude M >8 7 - 7.9 Annual Average No. 2 20

6 - 6.9
5 - 5.9 4 - 4.9

100
3000 15,000

3 - 3.9

>100,000

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SEISMIC WAVES
Body Waves Surface waves Body Waves Primary waves P-waves Secondary waves S-waves

Surface Waves

Love waves
Rayleigh waves
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IS 1893:2002
More than 60 % area is earthquake prone. Zone V % Zone IV Zone III Zone II 18 % 26 % 44 % 12

Fig. courtesy: nicee

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Casualties during past events

14000 12000 14000

Number of deaths

10000 8000 6000 4000 1004 2000 0 768

8000

38

63

Uttarkashi

Jabalpur

Bihar

Chamoli

Killari

Bhuj

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Earthquake Do Not Kill People

Improperly Designed Structures Do!

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Earthquake Design Philosophy

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IMPORTANT CONSIDERATIONS TO MAKE A BUILDING EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT

1. Configuration 2. Ductility 3. Quality control

4. Base Isolation
5. Passive Energy Dissipating Devices 6. Active Control Systems

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1. Configuration

A terminally ill patient , however effective the medication, may eventually die.
Similarly, a badly configured building Cannot be engineered for an improved performance beyond a certain limit.

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Regular Configuration
Regular configuration is seismically ideal. These configurations have low heights to base ratio, symmetrical plane, uniform section and elevation and thus have balanced resistance.
These configurations would have maximum torsional resistance due to location of shear walls and bracings. Uniform floor heights, short spans and direct load path play a significant role in seismic resistance of the building.

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Irregular Configuration
Buildings with irregular configuration

Buildings with abrupt changes in lateral resistance Buildings with abrupt changes in lateral stiffness Prepared by CT.Lakshmanan

Re-entrant corner

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Discontinuity in diaphragm Stiffness

RIGID

FLEXIBLE

DIAPHRAGM
O P E N

DIAPHRAG M

Vertical Components of Seismic Resisting System

Discontinuity in Diaphragm Stiffness

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Out of plane Offsets

Shear Wall Out-of-Plane Offset in Shear Wall

Non-parallel system
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Shear walls

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ELEVATION IRREGULARITIES

1) Soft-Storey/Pan-caked

2) Set-backs

3) Connections

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Pancaking

Soft storey

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ELEVATION IRREGULARITIES

4) Pounding

5) Breaks in Columns or Beams

6) Staggered Levels

7) In-fills

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Open ground storey building (soft storey)

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Right or Wrong?

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Short column effect

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Ductility
Let us first understand how different materials behave.
Consider white chalk used to write on blackboards and steel pins with solid heads used to hold sheets of paper together. Yes a chalk breaks easily!!
On the contrary, a steel pin allows it to be bent back-and-forth. Engineers define the property that allows steel pins to bend back-and-forth by large amounts, as ductility; chalk is a brittle material.

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The currently adopted performance criteria in the earthquake codes are the following: i. The structure should resist moderate intensity of earthquake shaking without structural damage. ii. The structure should be able to resist exceptionally large intensity of earthquake shaking without collapse.

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The strength of brittle construction materials, like masonry and concrete, is highly sensitive to the 1. quality of construction materials

2. workmanship
3. supervision

4. construction methods
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Quality control
special care is needed in construction to ensure that the elements meant to be ductile are indeed provided with features that give adequate ductility. Thus, strict adherence to prescribed standards of construction materials and construction processes is essential in assuring an earthquakeresistant building.
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Elements of good quality control.

1.Regular testing of construction materials at qualified laboratories (at site or away)
2. Periodic training of workmen at professional training houses, and

3. On-site evaluation of the technical work

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IS CODES

IS 1893 (Part I), 2002, Indian Standard Criteria for Earthquake Resistant Design of Structures (5th Revision)
IS 4326, 1993, Indian Standard Code of Practice for Earthquake Resistant Design and Construction of Buildings (2nd Revision) IS 13827, 1993, Indian Standard Guidelines for Improving Earthquake Resistance of Earthen Buildings IS 13828, 1993, Indian Standard Guidelines for Improving Earthquake Resistance of Low Strength Masonry Buildings IS 13920, 1993, Indian Standard Code of Practice for Ductile Detailing of Reinforced Concrete Structures Subjected to Seismic Forces

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Base isolators

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While Hazards Are Inevitable, Each Hazard Need Not Convert Into A Disaster As What Comes In Between Is The Culture of Safety And Prevention Let us Work Together to Build a Culture of Prevention !
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