PHOTOGRAMMETRY 2: CG504

TOPIC 7 :

LIDAR

PURPOSE :
7.1 UNDERSTAND THE CONCEPT OF LIDAR MAPPING CONTENTS :
7.1.1 State the principle of LIDAR mapping 7.1.2 Describe LIDAR : a) operation system b) application

THE CONCEPT OF LIDAR MAPPING

LIDAR is Light Detection And Ranging LIDAR (Light Detection And Ranging, also LADAR) is an optical remote sensing technology that can measure the distance to, or other properties of a target by illuminating the target with light, often using pulses from a laser. LIDAR technology has application in geomatics, archaeology, geography, geology, geomor phology,seismology, forestry, remote sensing and atmospheric physics,[1] as well as in airborne laser swath mapping (ALSM), laser altimetry and LIDAR contour mapping.
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THE PRINCIPLE OF LIDAR MAPPING

LIDAR is a relatively new technological tool that can be used to accurately georeference terrain features A LIDAR system is composed of a laser scanning system, global positioning system (GPS), and an inertial measuring unit (IMU). Laser is fired at the ground from an airplane to measure distance to the ground
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THE PRINCIPLE OF LIDAR MAPPING

By reclecting from objects, the LIDAR pulse finds the edges of and gaps & holes in objects and reaches the ground. The LIDAR returns are reflected back to the aircraft-mounted sensor where they create an accurate and valuable dataset.

OPERATION SYSTEM

Different between Pulsed and CW Lidar systems.

Pulsed system : Transmitted signal consists of a series of laser pulses, 10,000 to 150,000 pulses/second (10 - 150 kHz pulse rate). Range to target calculated from time to receive pulse : Range = c*t / 2. CW system : Transmits sinusoidal signal of known wavelength Range calculated from number of full waveforms and the phase difference between transmitted and received signal. Much less common technique compared to pulsed system.
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ADVANTAGES LIDAR
Fast and cost-effective mapping over large areas reduce time and cost. High accuracy: Vertical: 0.15m or better and Horizontal: 0.20m or better. High density points: 1-40 point/m2 or more. Data can be collected at night Penetrate canopy. Intensity image supports terrain feature classification.
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DISADVANTAGES LIDAR
No pictorial record Need GPS base stations Huge datasets Smaller projects may be more expensive than traditional photogrammetry due to mobilization costs.

Pulsed System Operation

Wavelengths utilized: 1.0 - 1.5 m (terrestrial studies) 0.50 - 0.55 m Combination of scanning mirror and moving platformproduces a 2D field of range measurements Additionally recorded information : Angle from nadir of measurement GPS horizontal and vertical positions ( 1 Hz) Aircraft Inertial Measurements (pitch, roll, yaw) (50 Hz)

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Pulsed System Operation

On board processing : Slant distance calculated from range measurement + angle from nadir for each returned pulse Slant distance corrected using IMU measurements GPS data integrated to provide a georeferenced elevation value for each returned pulse. GPS measurements are crucial to vertical accuracy.

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APPLICATION
Forestry Management and Planning ability to measure the vertical structure of forest canopies able to predict canopy bulk density and canopy base height LiDAR surveys allow large scale surveys to be taken with a level of cost-effectiveness not previously available.
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APPLICATION
Flood Modelling Only high-resolution input data can solve the purpose that relates to the systems topography LiDAR has brought this level of detail to the industry allowing for much more accurate flood prediction models to be created.

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APPLICATION
Pollution Modelling LiDAR has a unique ability to detect particles in both water and air. LiDAR uses short wavelengths of light in the visible spectrum, typically ultraviolet, visible or near infrared This makes it particularly sensitive to aerosols, cloud particles and air molecules
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APPLICATION
Mapping and Cartography high resolution and accuracy has enabled it to be used in the creation of maps. LiDAR can assist in road, building and vegetation mapping. 3D aspect of LiDAR makes it especially suitable for mapping terrain models, including complex mountain topography
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APPLICATION
Urban Planning LiDAR data is a relatively new technology for obtaining Digital Surface Models (DSMs) of the earth's surface. when combined with digital orthophotos, can be used to create highly detailed DSMs

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LESSON LEARNING OUTCOME (CLO) :

Upon completing this topic, the students should be able to:

1. Describe principles of LIDAR mapping, system operation and application

Finally, lets review all the topics that we have covered

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Thank you
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