WORK

Is defined as the product of the applied force and the displacement of an object in the direction of the applied force.
Work W Unit = Force x = F X displacement S

= N m @ J (joule)

F = 10 N

S=2m

F = 5N

S = 1m

Sometimes the object does not move in the direction of the applied force.To calculate the work done by the force, the component of the applied force in the direction of the displacement is used.

Since the object is displaced horizontally, the horizontal component of force is used.

Fy = F sin F

Work = F cos x S

Fx = F cos
is the angel between Applied force F, and displacement , s !!!!

S W = F cos

example F = 40 N 50 rock
What is the work done in pulling the rock? Solution:

S = 6m

Fy = Fsin 50
Fx = F cos 50 S

Displacement = 6m Work done = F Cos 50 x S = 40 Cos 50 x 6m = 154.26 J

W = F cos

A person exerts a vertical force F = 20N on a pail as the pail is carried a horizontal distance of 8.0 m at constant speed.How much work does F do?

F
= 90 , F = 20N , S = 8m Work , W = F Cos W = 20 Cos 90 =0J No work is done by the vertical force because it has no component in the direction of motion.

Calculate work done by the force F

F = 10 N A S=2m B W=FxS F = 10 N S=2m = 10 x 2 = 20 J W=FS = 10 x 2 = 10J

( because is 0)

S= 2m

W = F Cos = 10 Cos 180 (Cos 180 = -1)

F = 10 N

= - 10 N
Now F and s are in opposite direction.Therefore the work done is negative.

No Work is Done When:

The object is stationary No force is applied on the object in the direction of displacement The direction of motion of the object is perpendicular to the applie force

QUIZ
Calculate work done by applied force, F following each situations. i F =200N S = 6m pulley iii

ii
A man pushing a wall .The force applied is 200N but the wall does not move. F=30N S = 1.5m

20

6
From the graph, Eg: Work = area under the graph W = FS = (20)(6) = 60 J

Kinetic Energy The energy of an object due to its motion

Gravitional potential Energy The energy of an object Due to its higher position

ENERGY The capacity To do work Unit: J Ek = mv Ep = mgh

Energy Transfer

When Work is Done

Change of Kinetic Energy = work done Change of potential Energy= work done

The relationship between Work and Energy

When work is done, energy changes forms. For example, when you raise your physics book vertically above your desk, we say that "you do work on it". This means, energy is being converted from chemical potential energy stored in your muscles to gravitational potential energy of the book energy is changing forms. When you let go of the book, gravity "does work on the book". In other words, gravitational potential energy is being converted into kinetic energy work is changing forms. Work is the process by which energy changes forms.

The work Done = amount of Energy transfered

1) What is the kinetic energy of man 50kg jogging at a velocity of 3 m/s? Kinetic Energy, Ek = 1/2mv = ( 50) (3) = 225 J

2) A trolley with mass 4.0 kg pulled by force 20N along horizontal frictionless track. (a) What is the kinetic energy of a trolley after it pulled 10 m away? (b) Calculate its vellocity after moved 10m.

(a) Ek = work done =Fxs = 20N x 10m = 200J

1/2mv = 200 v = 400/4 = 100 = 10m/s

Gravitional potential Energy

Example 1: A book of mass 2.0 kg rests on a table. If its gravitational potential energy is 0 Joules now, what will its gravitational potential energy be when it is raised 1.0 meter above the table?

Solution: m = 2.0 kg, h = 1.0 m, g = 10 m/s2 GPE = mgh = (2.0 kg)(10 m/s2)(1.0 m) = 20 Joules

What is the work done by the force F,when the box moved 5m?

60

W =30 Cos 60 x 5 = 75J

Calculate the work done by the force of gravity on the wooden block.(m= 0.2kg) W = Energy tranfered W = GPE = mgh E = 0.2 x 9.8 x 2.5 = 4.9J A man 65 kg walks from X to Y.Calculate the work done.

30

W = mgh = 65 x 9.8 x 4 sin 30 = 1274J

PRINCIPLE OF CONSERVATION of ENERGY The Principle of conservation of energy states that the total energy in a system is constant.

A ball flew vertically upwards with initial velocity of 15 m/s . i) State the changes of energy
ii)What is the maximum height attained by the ball? i) Kinetic Enery to Gravitional potential energy m x (15)2 = m x 10 x h h = 225 / 2x 10 h = 11.25 m

ii) m v2 = mgh

Mass.m =1kg h = 2m

Situation

A B C

Type of energy Ep Ep + Ek Ek

Total energy 20 N 20 N 20 N

D
E

Ep + Ek
Ep

20 N
20 N

In one of the activities at the National Service camp, a participant of 55 kg is to climb up 2.5 m wall from ground level and jump down. Based on the jump of the participant, calculate : The speed of the participant just before his legs touch the ground

Potential Energy = Kinetic Energy ( Tell the student ) mgh = mv 2 v = 2gh = 2 x 10 x 2.5 = 7.07 ms-1

10m

Figure shows a roller coaster cart and a track. The cart is 250kg and start motion from rest at A. i)Calculate the potential energy of the cart at A

25000J

ii) Calculate the speed of the cart at point B

10m/s
iii) Calculate the speed of the cart at point C

14.14m/s

POWER
Power is defined as the rate at which work is done or the amount of work done per second. Power = Work done Time taken

P=W t The SI unit of power is Watt (W) or Js-1 When work is done, the object gains energy, therefore Power = Change in energy Time taken

P=E
t

P=E t

P=W t

POWER

P= W t = Fxs t = Fx s t P=Fxv

where v - velocity

A motor lifts a barrel weighing 500N to a vertical height of 1.5m in 25s. How much power is used by the motor?
Power = work done time taken P = mgh t = 50 x 10 x1.5 25 = 30 W

2)

10m/s 7N

A wooden block being pulled with constant velocity 10m. The force applied is 7N, to the horizontal along a table surface. i) What is power output after 5s ?
ii)Calculate work done. F = 7N, v= 10m/s, t=5s

Wooden block

Power, P = Fv = 7 x 10 = 70w

ii) W =Pt W = 70 x 5 W = 350J

EFFICIENCY Efficiency, = Energy output x 100% Energy input Efficiency, = power output x 100% Power input

Example: A motor has a power 1200w raised a mass of 50kg through a vertical height of 20m in 10s.Its efficiency is:

Efficiency= power output x 100% power input

Power output= W = mgh= 50(10)(20) t t t

Efficiency = 1000 x 100% = 83.3%

1200

Check your understanding

1.A crane lift a load weighing 2400N through a height of 4m in 12 s. What is the power of the crane? 2. An alectric kettle is rated at 2kW output is used to boil water. How many joules of energy are transferred in 5 minutes? 6. A box 2 kg slides down a smooth curved ramp. What is the speed of the box when it reaches at the bottom

3.A lift in a shopping complex can raise 10 people through a height of 25m in 15s. The total mass is 1200kg. What is the poweroutput of the lift motor?

7.

A motor pumps 40kg of water from ground level to a height of 6m in 2 minutes.What is the power output of the motor

4. A car of mass 800 kg travelling at 20m/s slows to 10m/s. What is the change in kinetic energy?

8. A motor with power 10kW raised a load 2.0 x 10 kg vertically. What is the maximum velocity of the load. Answer: 1.800W, 2.600kJ, 3. 20kW 4. 120kJ 5. 5400N 6. 8.9 m/s 7. 20W

5. A car mass 600kg is travelling at 12m/s. When the brakes are applied, it comes to rest in 8m. What is the average force exerted by the brakes?

8. 0.05 m/s