GSM and CDMA

What is it all about ?

By
Naveen Prasad
 Marketing
You can change your GSM SIM card to
get rid of your girlfriend….

Shewag ki Maa ka phone CDMA pe

aaya tha…
 Questions ???
How is one better than the other ???

Which one is cheaper ???

Which one is more reliable ???

What is the difference in technology ….if

any ???
 More Questions….
Is there a single What provides
security code that protection from
will permit me to eavesdropper ???
make changes to
my phone ??? How a mobile
subscriber on one
What role does network access his
bandwidth play ??? home network ???
What is the underlying
Difference ??
TDMA
FDMA
CDMA

Layman’s view…
 Areall different versions of digital
technology…
Time Division Multiple
Access
Users separated in
time
Requires digital
transmission
Normally wider
bandwidth
compared to FDMA
Used for GSM
 Frequency Division
Multiple Access(FDMA)
Users separated in
frequency

Only possible in
analog system
Code Division Multiple
Access
Users separated by
code

Requires digital
transmission

Wider bandwidth
compared to TDMA
 Time for History….
GSM originated in Europe…
GSM earlier known as Group Special
Mobile, a study group appointed to
study and develop European public
land mobile system
One important criteria that the proposed
system had to meet was ISDN
compatibility..
 And now CDMA…
Introduced in 1980
IN North America….
Purpose…. What else
……but Military usage
Used in Cellular Communication
System , in the early 90’s
 Finally ….What is
CDMA? …..
A way to transmit bits of information through
wideband, spread spectrum radio interface.
IS-95 is the transmission protocol that
employs CDMA.
Evolution from IS-95A to IS-95B to
CDMA2000
Better utilization of radio spectrum by allowing
multiple users to access the same physical
channel.
 How CDMA Works?
Generating a CDMA signal
1.analog to digital conversion
2.vocoding
3.encoding and interleaving
4.channelizing the signals
5.conversion of the digital signal to a Radio
Frequency (RF) signal
How does it works……
Working of CDMA Channel Establishment

Clock Multiplier Code Generator

Data Clock Transmit

Modulator Filter Signal
Data
Carrier
 Voice Compression
..How is it
accomplished??
CDMA uses a device called a vocoder
to accomplish voice compression.
The term "vocoder" is a contraction of
the words "voice" and "code."
Vocoders are located in the phone.
 Channelizing
The encoded voice data is further encoded to
separate it from other encoded voice data.
The encoded symbols are then spread over
the entire bandwidth of the CDMA channel.
This process is called channelization.
The receiver knows the code and uses it to
recover the voice data.
 Codes…
CDMA uses two important types of
codes to channelize users.
Walsh codes channelize users on the
forward link (BTS to mobile).
Pseudorandom Noise (PN) codes
channelize users on the reverse link
(mobile to BTS).
CDMA Call Processing State

System Initialization State

System Idle State

System Access State

Traffic Channel State

 Hand Off ???
Advantage of CDMA is the ability to
communicate with more than one base
station at one time during a call
This functionality allows the CDMA
network to perform soft handoff
How does it all HAPPEN ?
Soft Handover…
MS Primary BS ‘A’ Secondary BS ‘B’ BSC/MSC
Pilot Strength Measurement
Handoff Request
Frame Selector Join

ACK
ACK

Handoff Direction

ACK
Handoff Information

ACK
Pilot Measurement Request

Pilot Strength Measurement

 Roaming in CDMA
Mobile Base Station
Station Visited MSC VLR Home MSC HLR Originating Switch

User
IAM Dials Call
HLR Query

HLR Response

SS7 IAM

Normal Call Processing Continues

Why is roaming charged
more ???
The Directory number of the MS is
dialed
Originating Switch sends an ss7 initial
address message (IAM) to home MSC
MSC queries the HLR for the location of
the MS
The HLR returns the locations of the
visited System
 Roaming Contd..
The MSC invokes call forwarding to the
MSC in the visited system..
The forwarding MSC switch send an
SS7 IAM to the visited MSC
Call processing……
 Call Waiting….
Mobile Base Station MSC VLR Home MSC HLR Originating Switch
Station

User
IAM Dials Call
VLR Query

VLR Response

Flash MSC Applies Call waiting

ISDN Hold
MSC puts Call1 on Hold connects call2
ISDN Hold Ack
 GSM Subsystems
Operators

OSS

GSM
BSS
NSS MS

External Users
Networks
 Entities
MS:
Physical equipment used by the
subscribers
BSS:
Physical equipment that provides radio
coverage
NSS:
Switching functions of GSM
Databases required for subscribers
Done through MSC
When an MS is switched
on…What happens??
• It first has to determine if it has access
to PLMN
• It does a location update for the same
informing its PLMN about its location
• Location of an MS is stored in a central
database
 MS BSS MSC VLR PSTN

Setup
Send info for outgoing signal
GSM
CALL Call Proceeding
Complete Call
FLOW Assignment
Assignment
Assignment Complete
Assignment Complete
IAM
Assignment Complete
Alerting
(ACM)
Connect
Connect Acknowledge Answer
Privacy and Security in
GSM
Each subscriber is identified using a
cryptographic security mechanism
Subscriber security information is stored
in the SIM Card
The algorithm are stored in the SIM
card and in the authentication center.
 Security Algorithms for
GSM RAND(from BS)
1.Authentication Algorithm(A3) K(I) on SIM Card

• Used by handset to compute a

signed response to a
random number transmitted by BS
2.Private key generation(A8)
•Uses the same random number and
K(i) to generate a private A3 A8
key(K©)that is used for voice and
data privacy
SRES to BS K© privacy mask
 Generation Next…
3G
No boundary between telephony,
information and entertainment services
It will range from voice only to voice,
data, and other multimedia application
Wireless users will be able to make
video conference calls and surf the
internet simultaneously
WHAT IS ALL THIS
How is it related to my
topic….
People demand access for information
and services wherever they are
GSM should provide this connectivity.
Internet access and a whole range of
mobile multimedia capability.
Thus GPRS in GSM
Pay for what you use…
GPRS enhances GSM data services
There is no end to end connection to be
established, so setting up a GPRS call
is almost instantaneous and users can
be continuously online
And users pay for the actual data
transmitted, rather than for connection
time
 A GPRS architecture in GSM

SMS-GMSC SM-SC

MSC/VLR HLR

TE MT BSS SGSN GGSN PDN TE

GGSN EIR
Other PLMN
 Finally Everything Together

TDMA EDGE

GSM GPRS
WCDMA

PDC
CDMA2000 IX
CDMA200 IXEV
CDMAone