Imagination has brought mankind through the dark ages to its present state of civilization.

Imagination led Columbus to discover America. Imagination led Franklin to discover electricity.
-L. Frank Baum

ON

Thermal Power Plant

Department of electrical engineering Noida international university greater Noida(india)

Presented By:NAYAN SHANKAR

18 October 2013 Thermal Power Plant 2

Generation of Electricity
Prime mover coupled to Alternator Prime mover is driven by energy obtained from various sources such as burning of fuel pressure of water Force of wind etc.
Fig. Fundamental of generation of Electricity

Thermal Power Plant

A generating station which converts heat energy of coal combustion into electrical energy is known as a steam power station. Steam is produced in the boiler by utilizing the heat of coal combustion. The steam is then expanded in the steam turbine and is condensed in a condenser to be fed into the boiler again. The steam turbine drives the alternator which converts mechanical energy of the turbine into electrical energy.

BASIC OPERATION
The coal is brought and crushed to powder. This is feed to furnace for producing heat In Boiler drum the water is converted to steam. In Super heater the moisture content is removed from the steam and that steam is called super heated steam The superheated steam rotates the shaft of the High pressure turbine The Exhausted steam is sent to reheater and the steam then rotates the Intermediate pressure(IP) Turbine The steam from the IP turbine is then feed to low pressure turbine. The turbine shaft is connected to the Generator, which produces Electric Power.

General Layout

18 October 2013

Thermal Power Plant

The most important constituents of a steam power station are:

a. Steam generating equipment b. Condenser c. Prime mover d. Cooling towers e. Electrical equipment
Steam generating equipment includes:
Boiler Boiler furnace Superheater Economiser Air Pre-heater

BOILERS
A boiler is closed vessel in which water is converted into steam by utilising the heat of coal combustion. Steam boilers are broadly classified into following two types: (a) Water tube boilers (b) Fire tube boilers

A device which removes last traces of moisture. It helps in reduction in requirement of steam quantity.

SUPER HEATERS

ECONOMISER AND AIR PREHEATERS

They are such devices which recover the heat from the flue gases on their way to chimney and raise the temperature of feed water. Economiser raises boiler efficiency. Air Pre-heaters recover the heat from the flue gases leaving the economiser and heat the incoming air required for combustion

CONDENSOR
Which condenses the steam at the exhaust of turbine. It creates a very low pressure at the exhaust of turbine, this helps in converting heat energy of steam into mechanical energy in the prime mover.

PRIME MOVER(TURBINE)
A steam turbine is a mechanical device that extracts thermal energy from pressurized steam, and converts it into mechanical energy. About 86% of all electric generation in the world is by use of steam turbines.

COOLING TOWER

Remove heat from the water discharged from the condenser so that the water can be discharged to the river or re circulated and reused.

ALTERNATORS
The Synchronous Generator is used to Generate power by connecting the shaft of the Turbine to the shaft of the generator which cuts the magnetic flux producing mf. The Generated Voltage will generally 11KV to 20 KV max. here 20KV The Generated Voltage is stepped up by connecting Step up transformer (here 400KV) and is transmitted and is also used for Auxiliary purposes. It may be hydrogen or air cooled. The necessary excitation is provided by means of main and pilot exciters directly coupled to the alternator shaft.

TRANSFORMERS
main step-transformers, which steps-up generated voltage transmission of power. auxiliary transformers, which supply to individual unit-auxiliaries
TYPE GENERATOR TRANSFORMER UNIT AUXILARRY TRANSFORMER

RATED POWER(MVA)
KV(NO LOAD)HV SIDE(V) KV(NO LOAD)LV SIDE(V) RATED CURRENT HV(amp) RATED CURRENT LV(amp) FREQUENCY(Hz)

1600
230 15.75 728 10630.6 50

6300
15.75 2.55 & 0.433 230.9 1143 &1167 50

SWITCH YARD

Placed where switching operation of power distribution is performed. Air insulated switch yard of 220KV-400KV are used.

Main Components of Switch Yard:

Circuit breaker Isolator Lightening arrester

Bus bar
Current Transformer Potential Transformer

CIRCUIT BREAKER
These are used for automatic switching during normal or abnormal conditions .
Specification:
Type of Breaker Rated Voltage
Rated Current Under Site Condition 4000 A of 40 0C 2000 A Under Site Condition of 50 0C Rated Frequency 50 Hz

Circuit SF6
245 KV

ISOLATOR
These are used to disconnect transmission line under no-load condition for safety, isolation and maintenance. Specification: Rated current for site 2000 A conditions Rated Voltage Rated Frequency Operating time of Isolator 245 KV 50 Hz Less than 12 sec.

LIGHTENING ARRESTOR
These are used to discharge lightning over voltages and switching over voltages to earth. Specification:

Rated Frequency
Max. Leakage Current

50 Hz
5 mA

BUS BAR
The conductors to which several incoming and outgoing lines are connected. They are made up of Cu & Al. The incoming and outgoing cables are provided for metering purpose. These are used to step-down currents for measurement, control & protection.

CURRENT TRANSFORMER
VOLTAGE TRANSFORMER

Current transformers are used extensively for measuring current and monitoring the operation of the power grid.

VT measure voltage and this parameter used for protection of system. For high voltage CVT (capacitive voltage transformer) is used instead of VT and capacitors play divider role. We can also use these capacitors for PLC system.

ASH HANDELING TECHNIQUE

Top View of ESP Schematic Diagram

Side view of ESP Schematic Diagram

The fluegas laden with flyash is sent through pipes having negatively charged plates which give the particles a negative charge. The particles are then routed past positively charged plates, or grounded plates, which attract the now negatively-charged ash particles. The particles stick to the positive plates until they are collected. The air that leaves the plates is then clean from harmful pollutants.