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Presented By:MR. RAKESH KUMAR SAH DEPT. OF INDUSTRIAL AND PRODUCTION ENGINNERING SHAHJALAL UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY,SYLHET (BANGLADSEH)
INTRODUCTION
Heat treatment process is a series of operations involving the heating and cooling of metals in the solid state. Hardening is one kind of heat treatment process, which is defined as rapid cooling of steel from the austenite phase. Hardening is also called as quenching, because steel is quenched from a high temperature to a liquid bath at room temperature.
In the second part of this seminar we had to mansion practical knowledge about Hardening process. Due to this, we have visited two steel industries-
Bangladesh Steel Re-Rolling Mill (BSRM) and Kabir Steel Re-Rolling Mill (KSRM)
Our concern:
Here we will describe: How the hardening procedure is maintained by these two industries and thereafter the resulting mechanical properties are obtained by their following process.
Automatic Re-rolling
Delivery
Billet
A billet is a length of metal that has a round or square cross-section, with an area less than 36 sq in (230 cm2). Billets are created directly via continuous casting or extrusion or indirectly via rolling an ingot.
Grade Information
The grade designation is equal to the minimum yield strength of the bar in ksi (1000 psi) for example grade 60 rebar has minimum yield strength of 60 ksi. Rebar is typically manufactured in grades 40, 60, and 75.
Grades specifications, that vary in yield strength, ultimate tensile strength, chemical composition, and percentage of elongation.
Hardening process:
This process is done by two steps:
Step 1. Heating
A furnace is a device used for heating. In KSRM , Bar Re-heating Furnace( BRF) is used:
BRF Type
Pusher type billet end-charging and side-delivery reheating furnace with one end pusher-charged and one side pusher-discharged billets. The furnace is divided into 3 sections: Preheating zone, Heating zone and Soaking (Thermal) zone.
Temperature control
Pre-heating zone 12501300 heating zone 10501100. soaking zone 12201280.
Phase transformation during heating: During heating, first structural change in steel begins at lower critical temperature At this temperature pearlite changes into austenite. As the temperature is increased, more and more ferrite and cementite are dissolved in austenite and becomes completely austenitic after reaching the upper critical temperature Formation of homogeneous austenite occurs after holding the steel at this temperature
Step 2. Quenching
Thermo Mechanically Treated (TMT) Thermo Mechanically Treated (TMT) rods are manufactured using the 'Quenching & Tempering' (Q & T) technology. Once the steel bar is rolled, it is made to pass through heat treatment over three successive stages: First stage: Intense water quenching is executed on the periphery while the core stays unchanged, leading to a martensitic surface and austenitic core. Second stage: The bar leaves the quenching box to undergo a process of 'Self Tempering' wherein heat from the austenitic core flows to the tempered martenstic surface. Final stage: 'Atmospheric Cooling' that takes place on the Cooling Bed, the austenitic core is transformed into ductile ferrite-pearlite structure. The end result is a fine combination of a strong outer rim (tempered martensite) and a ductile core (ferrite-pearlite), thereby imparting strength as well as ductility. After the quenching process, the rods are cut to desired sizes with the Shearing machines and transferred to the Cooling Bed.
TMT Box
They produce bar of Grade 40, grade 60 & grade 75 For grade 40 rod production they follow normalizing process using grade 40 billet. For grade 60 rod production they also follow the normalizing process only by using grade 60 billet. And for grade 75 rod production they follow the hardening process
Step 1. Heating In BSRM , Bar Re-heating Furnace( BRF) is almost same as KSRM. The temperature control:
Step 2. Quenching
QTB (Quenching & Tempering Bar):
The Danieli, Italy QTB process at BSRM Steels Ltd.
The above schematic illustrates the exclusive DANIELI QTB process which converts low carbon steel into high strength bars with a guaranteed yield strength of 500 mpa.
(a) Quenching: The hot rolled bar leaving the final mill stand is
rapidly quenched by high pressure water in special venturi tubes. This hardens the surface of the bar to a depth optimized for each section through formation of martensitic rim, while the core remains hot and austenitic.
(c) Atmospheric cooling: This takes place on the cooling bed, where the austenitic core is transformed into a ductile ferritepearlite structure. Thus the final structure consists of an optimum combination of strong outer layer (tempered martensite) with a ductile core (ferrite-pearlite).
A view of the dual phase rebar made by BSRM Steels Ltd - a hard outer shell of tempered martensite and an inner core of very tough and ductile ferrite-pearlite core. This unique technology at BSRM enables very high strength in the bar without sacrificing ductility and weldability.
In Bangladesh, BSRM is the first company to procure and implement this technology commercially and successfully.
Discussion:
In this seminar there are two parts was theoretical and 2nd is practical part. In theoretical part we presented different theoretical knowledge of Hardening process. For practical part we had to mansion practical knowledges, Due to this we have visited two steel industry BSRM and KSRM. When we visited in BSRM and KSRM we got two types of quenching of hardening process using in those industries. In BSRM they are using QTB (Quenching and Tempering Bar) process and In KSRM they are using TMT (Thermo mechanical Treatment) process. After observing we found the QTB and TMT process are the similar process. In TMT box only cooling nozzle work for cooling purpose but in QTB use steeper, dryer, cooling nozzle for particular purpose. The grade of steel bar depends upon the production of billet. For a required grade chemical composition of a melting metal can be changed by adding or reducing additional alloy elements.
THANKS TO ALL